Islamic State of Afghanistan 1371-1375 (1992-1996)
and National Front 1375-1377 (1998-1996)

A- Political developments of 1371-1377 (1996-1998)

1- The US and the Soviet Union repeatedly failed in their efforts to find an acceptable way to establish a transitional government in Afghanistan after the withdrawal of the Soviet Union. America and Pakistan were insisting that Dr. Najibullah should resign as the head of the government at the beginning of the transition process, but the Soviet Union said that Najib should resign at the end of the transition process. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1370 (December 1991), the way was paved to stop the aid of the United States of America and the Soviet Union to the groups supported by them. This decision, which took effect on 11 Jadi 1370 (January 1, 1992). A temporary government replaced the administration of Dr. Najibullah urgently. The end of the military aid of the former Soviet Union caused a series of events in the country.
2- In Jadi-Delvi 1369, the United Nations tried to obtain a list of candidates from all Afghan parties (Mujahideen, Zahir Shah and Najibullah) to form a committee that would later hold a meeting to determine the interim government. Including Dr. Najib's administration, other groups also refused to provide such a list. But Dr. Najib resigned from the presidency on 28th of August 1370 to create a temporary government.
3- In the following days, the Northern Alliance (consisting of Dostum, Hizb Vahdat, and Shura Nazar Massoud militias) took control of the city of Mazar-e-Sharif, and Massoud took control of Bagram and Charikar airfields in the north of Kabul, and the Parkhami rebels ( under the command of Mahmoud Baryalay, Babrak Carmel's brother) to take control of the Kabul airport. The new military arrangement caused the failure of the United Nations peace efforts. On the 27th of Hamal (April 16), the flag forces stationed at the Kabul airport prevented Dr. Najibullah from going abroad. Dr. Najibullah took refuge in the United Nations office. He left the country and Dr. Najibullah took refuge in the office of the United Nations representative.
4- At the same time, while the ISI had prepared Tenni, Hekmatyar and a number of Arab fighters to advance towards Kabul, and some members of the Democratic Party also prepared to cooperate with Hekmatyar to prevent the advance of the Northern Alliance. Massoud prevented the full implementation of ISI and Hekmatyar's plan by using the Afghan army's communications base and sending his high-ranking officials and soldiers to Kabul. Massoud's forces removed major government institutions, including parts of the presidential palace and the Ministry of Interior, from the control of Hizb-e-Islami and its supporters. Other jihadi parties had also occupied the corners of the capital. Some groups and individuals illegally killed employees of the previous government.

From the Peshawar Agreements to the Ahl al-Aghd Council

5- While the power struggle was taking place in Kabul and other parts of the country, most of the leaders of the parties residing in Pakistan agreed on the 6th of Thor (April 26) that Sibghatullah Mujadadi would be appointed for two months, followed by Burhanuddin Rabbani for The four of us will assume the presidency. This government will later hold a council to appoint an interim government. to govern the country for eighteen months until the elections. The Shia parties and Dostum Islamic Movement did not participate in these negotiations.
6- The resistance against the new agreements started immediately. At first, the attacks of Hizb-e-Islami started, which, after failing to take control of Kabul, opposed any kind of agreement in which Masoud played an important role. Nevertheless, Hekmatyar nominated Abdul Sabour Farid (a commander from Kapisa province who had kidnapped a United Nations relief convoy in 1367 (1988) on the way to Kabul/Panjshir) as the prime minister.
7- The rest of the arrangements also tried to increase their power. The leaders of Vahdat Party protested against their lack of sufficient contribution in the government. 8. The political situation outside of Kabul was different from one point to another. Some areas were more cohesive and nowhere, like Kabul, was there a war going on. But since there were different rulers in each region and area, the scope of the country's division had become wider. The commanders took over the control of the roads and other strategic strongholds and were the absolute rulers of their region. 8. The political situation outside of Kabul was different from one point to another. Some areas were more united and there was no war going on anywhere in the country like Kabul. But since different commanders were increasing in each region and area, the circle of division of the country had become wider. The commanders took over the control of the roads and other strategic strongholds and were the absolute rulers of their region.
9- Before Mujadadi, the Moin President, arrived in Kabul from Peshawar on the 7th of Thor (April 27), a war broke out between the forces of Hizb-e-Islami, the Movement and the Nazar Council. On the 8th of Thor (April 28), the new president announced the formation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, and at the same time, the forces belonging to Massoud bombarded the areas under Hekmatyar's administration in the south of Kabul city. In contrast to Hizb-e-Islami, which demanded the withdrawal of the National Islamic Movement forces from Kabul, it rained rockets on Kabul for 3 consecutive years, as a result of which thousands of people, the absolute majority of whom were civilians, were killed. During this period of time, ISI and Salafi Arabs, which are now known as Al-Qaeda, supported Hekmatyar.
10- In Joza and Cancer 1371 (June 1992), a conflict occurred between the Sayyaf Islamic Union and Mazari's Unity Party. Sayyaf looked at the Shiites as his rivals in controlling the west of Kabul. The coalition forces and the unity forces brutally abducted and arbitrarily killed civilians during road battles. Power-seeking in the west of Kabul marked the first incident of the war, during which sexual assault took place on a large scale. Thousands of civilians were captured and tortured. Clashes between these two parties continued until the occupation of Kabul by the Taliban.
11 - To Joza / Cancer 1371 (June 1992), President Mujadadi resigned from his position due to the pressure and threats of the Nazar Council and the Islamic Jamiat, and Burhanuddin Rabbani came to power and became the president of the city that was burning in fire.
12 - In Asad and Sambla 1371, Hekmatyar intensified his rocket attacks against the capital. Following those attacks, Burhanuddin Rabbani's government banned Hizb-e-Islami from continuing to participate in the leadership council and ordered the dismissal of Prime Minister Abdul Sabour Farid, affiliated with Hezb-e-Islami, from the government. He deprived the leadership council and ordered the dismissal of Prime Minister Abdul Sabour Farid affiliated with Hizb-e-Islami from the government.
13- Rabbani's term of office ended in Mizan/Aqrab 1371 (October), but he postponed the appointment of a provisional government that was planned in Peshawar for various reasons. This act fueled the suspicion among other parties that Rabbani is pressuring him to retain his presidency. The determination of Rabbani and Massoud to exercise power in Kabul added to the anxiety of other parties. On December 9, 1371, Dostum sent fresh troops into Kabul to confront Masoud, Dostum's men drove out the forces of the Nazar Council from the Kabul airport and some of the Makrovians and some from the Ministry of Home Affairs. At the same time, Hizb Vahdat also joined Dostum's forces and launched intense rocket attacks on the presidential palace and Masoud's military positions in the city, as a result of which thousands of civilians were killed and wounded.
14- In Farjam, on 8 Jadi 1371 (December 20), Rabbani opened the Council of Ahl al-Hal and Aqd. While most of the arrangements had sanctioned this council, the people's representatives elected Rabbani as the president for another 18 months with full control over the process of the council. As a result, the regulatory wars intensified in Kabul, which led to the death and injury of tens of thousands of people, and about 750 thousand people migrated to Pakistan and another 500 thousand to other parts of the country.

The war over Kabul, especially west of Kabul

15 - In Qos/Jedi 1371 (December 1992), the leaders of Vahdat, who were angry with their insignificant presence in the government, formed an alliance with Hekmatyar. The battles between the newly formed coalition and Massoud's forces started on 29th of Jadi 1371 (January 19, 1993). It is estimated that thousands of civilians died in these clashes.
16 - In Aquarius/Hout 1371 (February 1993), Massoud and Sayyaf launched a large-scale attack on the west of Kabul and succeeded in removing Hizb Vahdat forces from their headquarters in the Institute of Social Sciences and taking over the lands of Mount Afshar. . An unknown number of civilians were killed in this operation. Hundreds of detained men were later executed. An unknown number of women were sexually assaulted. Some of these attacks were carried out in retaliation for violations that had previously been committed by Hizb Vahdat forces against other ethnic groups.
17 - Unity maintained control over other parts of western Kabul and the war between their forces and the forces of the Islamic Union and Jamiat/Nazar Shura continued. Based on human rights reports, both sides used ethnicity as a pretext to launch blind attacks against the opposite side's areas, detaining and torturing people. They were sexually assaulted. Some of these attacks were carried out in retaliation for violations that had previously been committed by Hizb Vahdat forces against other ethnic groups

Dostam and Hekmatyar coalition, Mistiri mission and Taliban

18- In Hut 1371 / Hamel 1372 (March 1993), in the middle of King Fahd, the king of Saudi Arabia, the majority of the party leaders agreed to a new temporary arrangement known as the Islamabad Accords, based on which the drafting of the constitution and elections were they did According to Islamabad agreements, Rabbani was appointed as the president and Hekmatyar as the prime minister. Regarding the position of the Ministry of Defense, no agreement was reached and Hekmatyar was opposed to Massoud staying in that position. Even so, Masoud held the Ministry of Defense and Hekmatyar continued to rain rockets in Kabul from his stronghold in Chahar Mill. Until the end of 1372 (1993), Dostum, who did not hold any position in the central government, entered into an alliance with Hekmatyar and created a new alliance called the Coordination Council of the Islamic Revolution of Afghanistan. In 1373 (1994), Kabul witnessed the most intense conflicts for the control of this city. On the 11th of Jadi (January 1), Dostum and Hekmatyar launched artillery and rocket attacks against the areas under the control of Masoud's forces, which was responded to by Masoud's similar actions. In the month of Aquarius, Hekmatyar put an economic siege on Kabul.
19- In Aquarius/Hout 1372 (February 1992), Bouterse Ghali, the Secretary General of the United Nations, appointed Mahmoud Mistiri as his special envoy on the issues of this country. Mr. Mistiri met with a large number of Afghans. Mustiri held a council in Quetta, Pakistan, in the month of Sagittarius to Scorpio this year and suggested to Rabbani to delegate power to the council, whose duties are to monitor disarmament and hold the Loya Jirga. It is to supervise the disarmament and the holding of the Loya Jirga and to decide on the next steps of this process. Rabbani, Hekmatyar and other leaders accepted this proposal. But their commitment and adherence to this plan was not tested in practice. In Mayzan (October), the Taliban, which had just emerged as a new military force, took control of Kandahar city. In the spring of 1373, Rabbani announced his resignation, but did not implement it. This deadlock caused Kabul to continue to rain rockets for several months.
20 - At the same time, until Aquarius 1373 (February 1995), the Taliban took control of six provinces: Kandahar, Uruzgan, Zabul, Helmand, Wardak and Ghazni and reached 35 kilometers from Kabul. Hekmatyar concluded that Pakistan had shifted its support to the Taliban, leaving its base for Sarubi and Laghman, and bequeathing significant stockpiles of arms and ammunition to the Taliban.
21- Leaving Kabul by Hekmatyar provided the opportunity that Masoud had been waiting for for a long time. On March 6, 1373, Massoud launched a massive attack against the Vahdat party and set fire to Vahdat's positions and residential areas in the west of Kabul. Due to pressure, Mazari entered into an agreement with the Taliban who owned four mills. Dar al-Aman and Karte 3 were annexed to the lands under the control of the Taliban. Mazari handed over his weapons to the Taliban. A splinter group of Hizb Vahdat under the leadership of Akbari, Mazari's rival, to fight against the Taliban, who had already joined Massoud's forces, and removed those Hizb Vahdat forces that had joined the Taliban from Kabul. As a result of the artillery attacks of the Taliban and the forces of Massoud and the Akbar branch of Hizb Vahdat, hundreds of Kabul residents died. Massoud's forces and its Shia allies, during their advance to the west of Kabul, committed encroachment and looting of people's property, and the Taliban killed Mazari while he was being transferred to Kandahar.
22 - Following the agreement with Rabbani's government in Thor / Gemini 1375 (May 1996), Hekmatyar entered Kabul as the prime minister. The Taliban intensified their rocket attacks and on December 26, 1375, Kabul was captured by the Taliban

The war over the northern provinces

23 - When Kabul fell into the hands of the Taliban, the three parties that had fought each other for the control of Kabul. Shura Nazar / Jamiat (Masoud), Movement (Dostum) and Vahdat led by Abdul Karim Khalili - formed a new alliance against the Taliban and bombarded Kabul and its residential areas with rockets from outside the city.
24 - In the first years of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, Mazar-e-Sharif did not witness severe clashes. Within the framework of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, Dostum, having the largest military force in the north, considered Mazar-e-Sharif as the capital of his command. Vahdat had the control of Hazara Neshanin areas of the city and distant places. Hizb-e-Islami and other parties also controlled the regions in this province.
25 - Abdul Malik, one of Dostum's generals, after signing the protocol with the Taliban, launched a coup in the northern parts of the country and based on that, they made the ground for the Taliban to enter the northern cities, especially Mazar-e-Sharif. He surrendered more than a thousand soldiers of the movement and Ismail Khan with his seven hundred soldiers to the Taliban, and Dostum fled to Turkey. The Taliban, including the occupation of Mazar-e-Sharif and the Salang pass, also captured Baghlan, Kunduz and Kapisa.
26 - On May 30, 1376 (Gemini 9), senior Taliban commanders named Mullah Razaq, Fazal Ahmad and General Gilani together with the Pakistani ambassador held a meeting with General Malik to discuss the matter. The foreign minister of Pakistan went to Mazar-e-Sharif and announced the end of the war and the recognition of the Taliban. The Taliban commanders asked Malik to hand over 15,000 weapons to the Taliban. But Malik refused to hand over the weapons and attacked the Taliban.
27- Four to eight thousand Taliban, including a number of high-ranking officials of the Taliban, were captured with 550 Pakistani citizens in the northern provinces of the country, and some of the prisoners fell into the hands of Hizb Vahdat. During the summer of 1376, Mazar-e-Sharif remained under the control of Malik, and at this point in time, about three thousand Taliban were illegally executed in Mazar-e-Sharif in the biggest incident since the beginning of the Afghan war.
28 - On the 18th of Sablan (September 9), inter-party clashes started in Mazar-e-Sharif, and Dostum returned to this city from Turkey, and Malik fled to Iran. The Taliban advanced to a distance of fifteen kilometers from the city. The situation worsened, the parties started looting the offices of relief organizations and private houses. The soldiers of Vahdat attacked the offices of the International Committee of the Red Cross and raped one of its employees. During the backlash from Mazar-e-Sharif, the Taliban executed 83 civilians. Taliban massacred Uzbek and Hazara prisoners in Kunduz airfield while leaving the city.
29 - In Aqrab and Qaws 1376 (November 1997), a number of mass graves of Taliban prisoners, in some cases, unburied bodies were found in the remote desert of Laili Plain.
30- Fierce clashes took place between the Movement and Vahdat in Hoot 1377/Hamal 1378 (November 1998) in Mazar-e-Sharif and Hayratan, where the main tax collection customs were collected from merchants. Dostum's commanders killed about 30 Vahdat soldiers and Vahdat retaliated for this killing in Mazar-i-Sharif.
31- In Asad and Sanblah 1377 (1998), the Taliban took control of Mazar and Bamyan.
32 - In Gemini 1377 (1998), Osama bin Laden - who was involved in the war of 1369-1359 (1980s) in Afghanistan, returned to Jalalabad, Afghanistan on an Ariana flight from Khartoum. With the intense clash between the Naqibullah and other rival commanders over the growing drug trade, Kandahar became increasingly lawless and disorderly. The commanders in Gershak and Lashkargah fought over the control of drug trade routes and major opium sales markets. Throughout the country, banditry was rampant. The lives of civilians were in the hands of commanders.
33 - Kandahar became more and more disorderly and lawless due to fierce clashes between Mulan Naqibullah and other rival commanders over taking over the growing drug trade. The commanders in Gershak and Lashkargah of Helmand Province fought over the control of drug trade routes and major opium sales markets. Throughout the country, banditry was rampant. The lives of civilians were in the hands of commanders.

Examples of human rights violations during
the Islamic State of Afghanistan Executions without trial

Arbitrary executions of officials of the previous government

34- During the three years since the arrival of the Taliban, a number of prominent members of the previous government were assassinated, the identity of the perpetrators and the motive of the assassination are not known. It seems that the assassinations that were committed immediately after the fall of Najibullah's government were aimed at revenge. For example, the judge of Afghanistan, Abdul Karim Shadan, was abducted, tortured and killed on 13th Thor 1371 / 03 May 1992. According to reports, those responsible for his murder were Mujahideen affiliated with the new government.
35 - From 1371 to Asad 1372, Qari Baba from the Afghan Islamic Revolution Movement Party illegally executed ten members of the former government, including four members of the flag party branch of the Watan Party, in Ghazni province.
36- The joint forces of Ismail Khan and Maulvi Naqibullah Akhundzadeh from the Islamic Jamiat of Afghanistan massacred around 200 suspects of Hizb-e-Khalq in Helmand in Karkan and Asad in 1372 (1992).
37- After Hamal and Thor 1372 (April 1992), the commanders of Hekmatyar Islamic Party in Kunara and Kandahar provinces executed dozens of prisoners without any judicial process.
38- After Hamal and Thor 1372 (April 1992), Hekmatyar Islamic Party commanders executed dozens of prisoners in Kunara and Kandahar provinces without any judicial process.

Assassination of political rivals

39- In some cases, political opponents were also dragged to the field. In Hamal / Thor 1373 (April 1994), Jamaluddin Omar, senator of the Meshrano Jirga of the communist government, was taken from his home in Khairkhane of Kabul and killed. In Aquarius/Pisces 1373 (February 1995), the body of the wife and children of Dr. Saleh Mohammad Ziri, a minister in the communist government and a political member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, were found in their house in block 106 of Makroyan II, Kabul city, all of them had their throats cut.
40- In Karkan / Assad 1372 (July 1993), a group known as Mazloumin, who were under the support of the former government. In Nangarhar Province, they were attacked by North Commander Khan, a member of Nangarhar Council, and 40 of them were killed. A few days after this incident, Northern Commander Khan's men killed about twenty passers-by in an ambush in Jalalabad and looted their property.
41 - According to reports, killing rivals and opponents was one of the practices of party leaders. It was reported that the commander of the Unity Party in the north, Ayatollah Mohaghegh, assassinated a number of his political rivals. There are other accusations that Dostum also killed some of his political rivals. One of them includes the killing of Rasool Pahlawan by one of Dostum's bodyguards. According to reports, similar assassinations were ordered by Masoud and Hekmatyar.
42- Rabbani's government discovered about 1500 bodies from the positions of Hizb Vahdat after capturing the west of Kabul in 1373 (March 1995), among them Najmuddin Mosleh, the former governor of Herat, and Dastyari Rabbani.

Assassination of journalists

43 - It was reported that the leaders of the parties had the list of people who should be assassinated. In Sanblah/Mizan 1371 (December 1992), Mirwais Jalil, the BBC's correspondent for Afghanistan, was killed by Hizb-e-Islami people in the Chelestun district of Kabul after interviewing Hekmatyar. had died

Arbitrary execution of civilians: retaliatory killings against civilians

44 - Arbitrary executions of civilians are considered a serious violation of human rights. According to reports, such killings have often been part of the conscious goals of senior commanders and party leaders to depopulate areas of people suspected of supporting rival groups during inter-party wars over Kabul.
45 - According to the reports of human rights groups, in partisan wars, the killing of civilians was often done on the basis of ethnicity. During the battles between the forces of Ittihad and Vahdat in Joza / Cancer 1371 (June 1992), the people of Vahdat took captive Pashtun civilians. All these prisoners were tortured, a Pashtun man who was freed from the prison of Vahdat party by paying money, expresses his view of the burning of prisoners by Vahdat party as follows: "When I was in prison, people affiliated with Vahdat party were a racket." They shoved his shoulder towards the container full of Pashtun prisoners. The container exploded and the individuals inside the container burned and perished. "
46 - From the month of Thor to Cancer 1371 (May-June 1992), a war broke out between Hizb-e-Islami and Hizb-e-Vahdat, as a result of which, in addition to the death of at least 300 people, the houses of about 500 families of Pashtuns and Tajiks living in Unchi Baghban were destroyed by Shafi. Divaneh was robbed from Hizb-e-Wahdat and Abbas Paydar from Islamic Movement of Afghanistan.
47- In February 1993 (Feb. 1993) during a joint operation carried out by the forces of the Nizar Council, the Islamic Union and a number of Salafi Arabs belonging to Sayyaf on the political and military headquarters of the Unity Party in the Institute of Social Sciences in the neighborhood of Afshar in order to arrest Mazari, the leader of Wahdat. An unknown number of civilians, mostly Hazaras, were killed in what became known as the Afshar massacre. The attackers, under the direct orders of Massoud and Sayyaf, conducted a house-to-house search operation to arrest members of the Vahdat party. The Nazar Council, the Islamic Alliance and a number of Salafist Arabs related to Sayyaf attacked the political and military headquarters of the Unity Party in the Institute of Social Sciences in Afshar in order to arrest Mazari, the leader of the Unity Party, an unknown number of civilians who were mostly Hazaras, in what was They were killed, known as the Afshar massacre. The attackers, under the direct orders of Massoud and Sayyaf, conducted a house-to-house search operation to arrest members of the Vahdat party. In this operation, the attackers engaged in rape, arbitrary executions, massacres, and looting houses, which was a well-defined strategy. It is reported that at least 700 Hazara men were killed by Sayyaf men in this operation. A former commander of the Ittihad stated that he was given orders by the Sayyaf and that the Sayyaf had told them: "Don't leave anyone alive - kill them all."
48- Another witness told the Afghan reporter: Massoud and Wasyaf's men dragged the Hazara men out of their homes, cut their body parts one by one, and cut their throats with spearheads.
49 - According to the researchers of the Afghanistan Justice Project, Mohammad Qasim Fahim, the head of intelligence of the Rabbani government, had agreed not to oppose the disgruntled commander of the Unity and Movement party in this operation. According to the reports of the US Foreign Ministry, the number of dead and missing prisoners has exceeded one thousand people. The number of civilians who have been amputated and raped in Afshar reaches more than hundreds. Table 6 - Commanders and population units involved in Afshar operation Mohammad Qasim Fahim, head of intelligence, responsible for the special planning of this operation (witnesses consider him responsible for many violations in Afshar). Anwar Dangar, the commander of a sect-level Mujahideen unit. Mullah Ezzat, the commander of a Mujahideen unit from Paghman (Residents of Afshar witnessed many violations on his part in the region.) Bob Jalander is said to have participated in the planning of this operation Haji Almas, commander of a military unit from the north, representative of the people in the Wolesi Jirga of the National Council General Kabir Andrabi General Baba Jan, former police chief of Kabul province. Table 7 - Islamic Union commanders and units involved in Afshar operation Haji Sher Alam, the commander of the Sayyaf-affiliated sect from Paghman, the perpetrator of numerous violations during the days of the conflict. Zalmi Tofan, the commander of the 597th Brigade, many eyewitnesses identified him as the leader of the forces during the first two days of the operation, where many violations were committed. Dr. Abdullah, the commander of a military unit related to Brigade 597. Accused of violating human rights in the Afshar war. Abdullah Shah, many witnesses introduced him as the leader of the forces and responsible for the arrests and kidnappings.
50- There were also opportunistic attacks against minorities, especially Hindus and Sikhs. These attacks were carried out in response to the attack of Hindu fighters in Sanblah and Mizan 1371 on India's Babri Mosque. Afghan Mullahs and Mujahideen pretended these attacks as Jihad against those who attacked Islam and attacked Hindu and Sikh minorities in Kabul, Kandahar and Nangarhar provinces, occupied their houses and looted their property, and a number of members The family took them hostage for extortion. They raped their girls and young women.
51- A commander affiliated to Hizb-e-Islami killed 14 civilians in Jadi 1372 (January 1994) on the road from Khogyani district to Jalalabad city in Nangarhar province and looted their property.
52 - During the retreat from Mazar-e-Sharif in Joza/Karkan 1376 (June 1997), the Taliban killed 158 civilians and set their houses on fire.
53 - In a retaliatory action, the Taliban captured thirty young Shia men from around the city of Mazar-e-Sharif, and after severe torture, they executed them in the airfield of this city. Also, in May 1997, the Taliban attacked Sheikhabad village of Mazar-e-Sharif with the help of Pashtuns living in the area, killed thirty people and mutilated their bodies. ,
54 - According to a senior Taliban commander, they captured 240 civilians from Tashqarghan region while escaping from Mazar-e-Sharif. They were executed in Kunduz airfield. This commander continued his speech and said: "I was standing near the prisoners. Our soldiers fired at their heads so that a bullet would hit the target. The Taliban were far enough away from the victims that the blood of the bullets would be splashed on their faces. Their long beards were stained with blood. Once, I saw that the brains of several people were sprinkled on the heads of the shooters after firing a bullet. After the massacre process was completed, the Taliban moved heavy vehicles over the corpses until the corpses were razed to the ground, after which wild dogs and scavengers devoured the bodies of most of the dead.

Illegal executions of prisoners of war

55- One of the largest prisons of Hizb Vahdat in the west of Kabul was located in Onchi Baghbanan, which was controlled by Commander Bahrami. The commanders of the Unity Party had imprisoned these people for the crimes of religion, politics and taking money. These prisoners were severely tortured and later executed. Most of the commanders of Hizb Vahdat killed thousands of hostages in the same way.
56 - At the end of Khatam Jedi/Aquarius 1372 (January 1994), Dostum's forces were expelled from Makroyan area by Masoud's forces. A number of fighters of the movement who were captured after the clashes in Makrorian were illegally executed by Masoud's men.
57- The biggest known massacre of prisoners is the illegal execution of three thousand prisoners of war affiliated with the Taliban and foreign forces by Malik's forces in Mazar-e-Sharif, Shaberghan and Maimene in Thor, Joza and Karkan 1376 (May, Madness 1997). There have been. In addition to Taliban soldiers, General Malik arrested and killed a number of movement commanders and prominent leaders of this group. The people killed by Malik are Ghulam Haider Jozjani, Salam Pahlan and Omarbai, one of the elders of Shaberghan, who were killed in the same city.

Blind and disproportionate use of force in Kabul's mainly civilian areas

58 - It is reported that thousands of civilians died during the adjustment wars that took place between 1371 (1992) and 1375 (1996) in the country. West of Kabul witnessed 27 clashes between jihadist organizations that destroyed most of the city. Schools, hospitals and residential houses were regularly attacked. Hizb-e-Islami targeted the residential and commercial areas of Kabul with rocket attacks from its bases in Chahar Asiyab, Dasht Saqawah and Kotel Khairabad more than other organizations. There are reports that the ISI provided these rockets to Hekmatyar and they were sent to Hekmatyar by Hizb-e-Islami commanders, Amanullah, commander of the Asma sect, Abu Bakr, head of Lashkar Ithar, Kashmir Khan, head of Ghandak Front, Zardad, Asadullah Kandahari, Abdul Saboor Farid, and Seyed Rahman. Cables were thrown. In front of the Rabbani government forces, he responded with artillery and rockets. According to the statements of the Red Cross, one to two thousand civilians of Kabul died in these attacks. Another eight to nine thousand people were injured.
59- During the conflict that took place on 5 December 1371 (January 25, 1993) between the forces of Hizb Vahdat and the forces of the Afghan government under the command of Masoud, 72 civilians were killed and 800 others were injured.
60 - A new round of war broke out between the government forces and the newly allied forces of Dostum and Hekmatyar in Kabul. Seven hundred people were killed and another 23,000 were injured as a result of the bombing and artillery attacks of the sides on civilian areas. Massoud's jets used highways to fly. They bombed and completely destroyed the hospital where Hekmatyar was believed to be hospitalized due to his injury. At the same time, a rocket fired by Hekmatyar's forces hit a wedding party, killing 40 people and injuring 70 others. The new conflicts caused thousands of families to migrate to Pakistan.
61- As a result of the regular conflicts that continued from 1371 to 1373 Thor, 33,000 civilians from the residents of Kabul were killed, around 200,000 others were injured, and another million people were displaced and homeless.
62 - During the bloody wars that took place between the forces of Masoud and the Taliban for the capture of Kabul. Residential areas were also subjected to artillery attacks and air bombardment, as a result of which 78 people were killed and 487 others were injured.
63 - After Massoud retreated from Kabul, the forces under his command attacked residential areas north of Kabul with rocket attacks. One of these rockets hit a night market, killing 76 to 180 people.

Disappearances

64- In many cases, soldiers and civilians, numbering hundreds of people, were captured by armed parties, and they were never released and their bodies were never found. What is evident is that the accused were executed. But none of the Jihadi leaders have been willing to answer about these people and are not.

Arbitrary seizures and hostage taking

65 - All the armed groups involved in the conflict after the fall of Dr. Najib's government had private prisons. Between 1371 and 1375 (1992 and 1996), it was reported that thousands of detainees are kept in the prisons of parties and their commanders without establishing the crime. Those detained include former government officials, members of rival parties and civilians who were abducted and imprisoned based on political, party, extortion or exchange problems.
66 - In Jadi/Aquarius 1372 (January 1994), Hamid Karzai (Deputy Foreign Minister of the Rabbani government and the current president of Afghanistan) was arrested and interrogated by agents of the intelligence services under the orders of Mohammad Qaisem Fahim, the head of the intelligence. It is said that the reason for this detention was his refusal to issue a political passport incorrectly at the request of an official attached to the Nizar Council. He escaped from there during a rocket attack on the repair of the detention center.
67 - In Hut 1373/Hamel 1374 (early March 1995), positions under the administration of Hizb Vahdat in the west of Kabul were captured by the Nazar Shura. Massoud's forces discovered a number of detention centers where more than 1,500 civilians, including 150 women, were imprisoned. All Jihadi organizations had personal prisoners during Jihad in Pakistan, and political opponents and others were among the inmates of these prisons. Sayyaf used these prisons even during the Mojahedin regime.
68 - There were personal prisons of Sayyaf in Pagman. After the attack on Afshar, the Ittihad forces arrested hundreds of Hazaras from this area and transferred them to Paghman. 600 prisoners were already imprisoned in Pagman. Hizb Vahdat forces also captured sixty Pashtun men from Afshar and kept them in Koti Gani.
69 - In Cancer 1373 (July 1994), Malarakti, one of the commanders of the Ittihad Islamic Sayyaf party, kidnapped seven Pakistani and two Chinese hostages and in exchange for their release, he demanded the release of his brother with some money from the Pakistani government. In the following years, Rakti joined the Taliban.
70- Taking hostages to demand money and political reasons was common among parties. In 2004-1383, General Baba Jan, the Kabul police commander, kidnapped Mohammad Farooq to get money. Farooq was released after paying money. People of General Dostum, Hizb-e-Vahdat and Jamiat had captured hundreds of youths after the Zaat Al-Bini clashes in the north of the country to get money. Commander Zardad Frayadi, one of the cruel commanders of Hezb-e-Islami, who gained a terrible reputation for his aggressive behavior, was located on the Kabul highway in Jalalabad. Zardad stopped the vehicles with his armed men, took male and female passengers hostage to get money. Passengers who did not pay were beaten, raped and even killed. Zardad kidnapped female passengers and detained them for several days. During the arrest, Zardad and his men raped them.

Torture

71- Torture and mistreatment of detainees were seen all over the country during this period. Detainees (men and women) remember horrible types of torture, such as tying them to dead bodies for several days and forcing them to eat They became human flesh. Detainees, men and women, including children, were raped during detention. Detainees faced suffocation and pressure on their testicles with pliers and other means.
72 - The cases you are studying are examples of people's statements about torture. (A) A driver in Kote Sangh, whose passenger was a woman, was taken hostage by members of Hizb Vahdat. "The people of Vahdat party first fed me human flesh, then they asked me to sign the paper indicating that I sold that woman to them. I didn't do it, but they took the woman from me by force. I could hear the screams of that woman for a few moments when I moved away from their shell. " (b) Another prisoner who was released from Shura Nazar prison in 1994-1373 and did not want to be named says. "About 200 of us were kept in a prison. Prisoners were tortured every day. Sighs and moans were heard every day. I myself was tortured several times, my right rib and skull were also broken due to the impact of the gun butt. " (c) In December 1372, a female journalist was captured by members of Hizb Vahdat in Karte Se area. The commander of Vahdat Party asks him to release him if he has sex with his men. This female reporter refuses and is released by paying a huge amount of money. (D) Reports from Panjshir show that the prisoners of this province were systematically tortured and raped by Masoud's men.

sexual assault

73 - According to one of the Ittihad commanders, in the attack on Afshar in Delu and Hoot in 1371, their men raped a number of Hazara women and girls and took a number of others to Paghman and raped them for a year. (A) A woman from the residents of Afshar Silo who refused to reveal her name. He says "The people of Sayyaf killed my child before my eyes. And they wounded me, while the blood was flowing from my body, the soldiers took me away and stained the skirt. Most of the women and girls of Afshar and Qargha after losing their men They have been violated by Jamiat forces, Nazar Shura and Sayyaf alliance. The UN Special Rapporteur received a report that more than. , (A) A woman from the residents of Afshar Silo, who refused to disclose her name, says. "Syaf's people killed my child before my eyes. While the blood was flowing from my body, the soldiers took me away and stained the skirt." Most of the women and girls of Afshar and Qargha have been raped by Jamiat forces, Shura Nazar and Ittihad Sayyaf after losing their husbands. . The United Nations Special Rapporteur has received a report that more than 150 women and girls were imprisoned in the basement of a house in Qargha region for several months and were sexually assaulted by members of the ruling armed groups (Etihad and Jamiat) every day.
74- In an act of revenge, the members of the Nazar Council, after the capture of Karte Three in Hoot and Hamel in 1372 and 1373, attacked residential houses in the area and raped women and girls and looted their property.
75 - During the battles between Jamiat and Dostum in the north of the country, in the months of Jedi and Aquarius 1373 (1994), "aggressive soldiers raped many women in Mazar-e-Sharif and Kunduz."
76- On 23rd of Jadi 1373 (January 13, 1995), Hekmatyar Hizb-e-Islami members attacked the refugee camp of Tajikistan in Kunduz province and raped 13 women and girls.