Logar Province (Central Zone)

23- In 1982, 105 people from the village of Padkhowab Shaneh in Logar province, who had taken refuge in a Karez ( A place build underneath the earth to store water) because of the fear of being bombarded and captured by the Soviet forces, were identified by the Soviet special forces and the said Karez was gunpowdered and exploded in three stages, all 105 refugees were killed. According to the reports, after the massacre of the people of PadKhowab village, their cash, jewelry and all their valuables were also looted by the Soviet soldiers.
24 – From the summer to the fall of 1982, during the operation of the Soviet forces in Mohammad Agha district of Logar province, 50 peasants and farmers were killed and about 8 thousand families fled to Iran, Pakistan and Kabul.

Nangarhar Province (Eastern Zone)

120 civilians were killed in the ground and air operations carried out by the Soviet forces on 23 August 1984, in Moshwani and Lachapur villages of Nangarhar province. According to eyewitnesses, Soviet soldiers controlled these villages for 4 days. On the 28th of August at 4:00 am, they went to the village of Blay, where they shot and killed 130 civilians in an act of revenge. The victims of this incident were mostly children, women and old men.
25 – Reports say that on a later date, in the months of December 1984 and January 1985, Soviet soldiers massacred 100 people from Lachapur village in Nangarhar province. The Soviet forces used dogs to attack and kill people in this attack.
26- Reports from the refugees of Nasir Bagh camp in Peshawar state that they were eyewitnesses to the massacre in Fateh Abad village in Sarkhrood district of Nangarhar province. The immigrants of Nasir Bagh say that the Soviet forces looted 1100 houses and killed more than 50 men and women with Kalashnikov rifles during the ground and air operations they carried out in the spring of 1985. The names of these victims are mentioned in the United Nations reports on human rights violations.

Laghman Province (Eastern Zone)

27- Laghman province, according to various human rights sources, in the months of March and April 1985, Soviet soldiers killed between 500 and 1000 civilians during several operations in the districts of this province.
28 – From March 1985 during separate operations carried out by government forces and Soviet forces in 12 villages of Garghaei district of Laghman province, around 1000 civilians were killed. In this operation, Soviet forces and their Afghan allies raped women and looted people’s property.
29 – Human rights monitoring organization reports that Soviet soldiers entered 26 villages in the southern part of Laghman province from 8th of April 1985, after overcoming widespread resistance, they entered all the houses of the region. They shot and killed civilians. According to the reports of the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan, the Soviet commandos were arranged in groups of 25 to 50 people. They started a house-to-house search operation, killing every creature that came in front of them with bullets. Educated people such as teachers, government employees and even those who showed the membership card of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan were killed as an opponent of the government.

Kunara province (eastern zone)

On March 9, 1986, after 28 Soviet soldiers were killed by the resistance forces in Noor Valley, Kunara province. In a retaliatory attack, the Soviet forces killed 34 residents of the villages of Barkot, Dodrak, Kashmand, Janshegol, and Weigel.
31 – A few days after this attack, the Soviet paratroopers launched an operation in order to prevent the resistance forces from going to Noor Valley, as a result of which 180 civilians were killed, 350 houses were completely destroyed, and 70 houses were set on fire. .
32- In another attack in the same valley and village of Sutan, 50 civilians, 23 of whom had taken refuge in the mosque while claiming morning prayer, were burned together with the mosque.

Kunduz Province (Northeast Zone)

33- The reports tell about two massacres of civilians in Chardara district of Kunduz province, which took place during the month of January and August 1985. But the exact information of these two massacres are not available.
34- On December 14, 1984, the Soviet forces attacked the residential houses of several villages of Char Dara district of Kunduz province together with their people, then looted the people’s money and jewelry. Women were raped and their agricultural products were also destroyed. In front of the Mujahid forces, they were ambushed by the Soviet forces and their Afghan allies on the road between Char Dara and the city of Kunduz. In response to this attack, at 11:00 noon on the same day, Soviet forces and Afghan government soldiers attacked the village of Haji Rahmatullah in Char Dara district and executed its residents, including women and children, by firing bullets into their foreheads and tore the bellies of pregnant women with knives. In this attack, all 225 residents of the mentioned village were killed.
35- In the month of March 1985, Soviet military special forces carried out another massacre in Khanabad district of Kunduz province, as a result of which 700 to 1200 civilians were killed.
36 – Reports indicate that in the month of July same year, civilians were killed in Char Dara and Khan Abad districts. A farmer from Chardara district of Kunduz province, who had immigrated to Pakistan, expresses his view of the killing of civilians in Chardara district. Soviet soldiers mercilessly bombarded our district. 25 children were set on fire and burned alive by spraying kerosene, Soviet soldiers killed a total of 300 civilians by bombardment and Kalashnikov fire.

Kandahar Province (Southern Zone)

37- The Soviet forces carried out a retaliatory attack in the months of September and October of 1985 to the villages of Kelach Abad, Mokhkizi and Kariz and massacred 260 to 270 civilians, including a number of tribal elders. The mourning ceremony for these victims had not yet ended when the Soviet soldiers once again attacked the village of Kelach where two of their tanks were destroyed by the Mujahideen in the same area and executed a number of the elders of the village and killed a number of women and children of the village which were gathered in several separate rooms and then they threw grenades inside the rooms, as a result of which ten people were killed. The killing of women and children with grenades is consistent with the killing of two deserters from the Soviet army in Kandahar province. Khalan and Rykov, the deserting soldiers of the Soviet forces, say, “During the punitive attacks, we did not kill women and children with bullets, but locked them in a house and then threw grenades into it.” The above cases are just a few incidents. It happened and it was reported. Other parts of the witness statements show how wide the issues to be investigated are.
 a- Approximately 350 men, women and children were killed in four villages of Qarabagh district of Ghazni province (Southern Zone 1984).
 b- In the months of Febuary 1984 and March 1985, hundreds of civilians were massacred in the villages of Dasht Balukhan and Dasht Asukhan in the Kuhistan region of Kapisa province.
 c- In the months of November 1984, about 40 civilians were killed after two weeks of gradual bombardment in Ziruk village located in Orgun Paktia region.

Other cases of arbitrary executions and killing of civilians

38- There are many reports about Soviet military operations from the language of Afghan people. People say that when the Soviet forces entered a village, they usually did house-to-house efforts. People were interrogated and then they could be arrested or executed on the spot. If evidence was found or if people were introduced by informers, they would be dragged out of the house and killed in front of their families. There are some reports that the soldiers killed Afghan civilians without a specific purpose.
39- Amnesty International reported in the month of May 1988 that the Soviet forces and the Afghan government pursued the policy of deliberate killing of migrants who were fleeing from Afghanistan and engaged in retaliatory killings of other unarmed civilians. This organization mentioned a case in which “100 Afghan families from Faryab province who were fleeing towards the border of Pakistan were attacked twice. In the first stage, 19 of them, including 7 children, were killed, and in the second stage, 34 people, including women, children and old men, were killed. “
40 – From October 13, 1986 to October 10, 1987, civilians were killed in Paktika, Kabul, Baghlan and Logar provinces by Soviet soldiers and Afghan government forces, as a result of which 122 civilians lost their lives.
41 – The reports state that the arbitrary executions that took place on 6 December 1984 in Barki Barak district of Logar Province by Soviet soldiers conducted the butchery of 81 civilians of this province. The Soviet soldiers massacred these 81 people, 30 of whom were on their way to Iran, cut off their ears, noses and lips and pulled out their eyes.
42- One of the amputated patients in Peshawar, Pakistan said. “Soviet soldiers attacked the village of Bazarak in Panjshir, the young men had fled from the village. But the Soviets killed nine men with white beard elders and burned the bodies of two of them. Sometimes the motivation of these killings was theft. When the Russian forces entered a village, the Mujahideen left it, the Russians ransacked people’s houses and took all the valuables with them. If the family resisted, they would be killed.”
43- 563 civilians were killed in three attacks by Russian soldiers from August 1981 to April 1984 on three wedding parties in Wardak Maidan Behsud District, Laghman Province Surhkan and Anbar Khana Nangarhar Province.
44 – In another surprise attack around the city of Kandahar, 16 people were killed, including the guests of a wedding. According to reports, the day after this incident, the people who were going to pay tribute to these victims were also attacked by the Soviet soldiers, and as a result, 1 woman and 5 men lost their lives. The funeral prayers of these 6 people were shelled by the Soviet soldiers, as a result of which 41 civilians were massacred.
45 – As mentioned above, the Soviet forces and the Afghan government followed the policy of deliberately killing refugees who were fleeing to Iran and Pakistan. On 18 August 1984, Kochi had set up a large camp by the Pashal River in Kunara province. The patrol jets dropped two 500-pound bombs on the ground and then repeatedly fired rockets and barrages in the area, killing 40 of these nomads and seriously injuring 60 others.
46- From the month of September 1984 to early 1990, 183 civilians including women and children in the provinces of Kunduz, Nangarhar, Logar, Paktika, Faryab, Baghlan and Herat were damaged by the bombing of Soviet soldiers and the Afghan government. They were fleeing to Pakistan, they fell into the trap of the Soviet forces and were massacred.
In Afghanistan, a complete statistic has never been conducted and the country’s rural population has never been fully registered with the government. Therefore, the calculation of the number of people killed in the events mentioned above is based on rough estimates. The figures related to the number of people killed during the war are different from each other. Based on the reports, the number of people killed is estimated at 3.5 (three and a half million) people. But it should be noted that the report of the United Nations coordinator mentions only 1.5 million people. The figures of war casualties from 1979 to 1987 are 1.28 million people, and the biggest cause of these casualties is bombing. In this way, the number of people killed in massacres may make up ten percent of the entire country’s population.

From the Soviet occupation to the fall of Najibullah
10 Sagittarius 1358 to 26 Hamel 1371 / 27 December 1979 to 15 April 1992

Other violations of the laws of war

1- Reports indicate that the Soviet forces, the Afghan government and armed groups planted various types of anti-personnel mines in several areas of the country. Since 1989, the United Nations Program for Combating Mines in Afghanistan and later some other non-governmental organizations were engaged in clearing mines and destroying unexploded ordnance. During the Soviet-Afghan war, the treaty banning the use of landmines by Afghanistan was not ratified.
2- The International Committee of the Red Cross estimates that 200,000 (two hundred thousand) Afghans were killed and injured by landmines during the twenty-three years of war. According to the report of this organization, most of these victims were civilians.
3- Even during the war, landmines, like other types of weapons, were subject to the law of proportional use only against military targets and specifically, subject to the landmines protocol. The use of explosive traps was also prohibited based on the prohibition of resorting to deception in war. The landmines protocol specifically prohibits the use of “any type of explosive trap in the form of a harmless and transportable object that is designed and built to contain explosive materials and detonate when tampered with or brought close to it.”
4 - United Nations investigation officers and special reporters have reported the use of other weapons that were probably prohibited at that time, especially gas, chemical, incendiary and explosive weapons against civilian targets. The evidence shows that the Soviet forces from the beginning of their presence in Afghanistan until 1982 sometimes used chemical agents for the purpose of anesthetizing or maiming people, and in some cases the amounts of these chemical agents were lethal.
5- The third article of the provisions of the Geneva Conventions can be applied to any type of armed conflict. Killing and torturing disarmed or wounded prisoners and assaulting civilians is prohibited. These practices have been widespread in Afghanistan.
6- In the anti-insurgency wars in the rural areas, the Soviet and Afghan forces fought against the rural economy, this war was done both as a punishment and to dry up the sea in which the Mujahideen were swimming.

A) Mines and explosive traps

7- One of the main causes of civilian casualties in Afghanistan was the use of anti-personnel mines and bomb toys, which have clearly targeted the civilian population of villages. The quoted reports show that Soviet soldiers left mine fields around their bases after leaving an area. Their helicopters dropped "butterfly" mines of the same color around populated areas, on roads and pastures. Meanwhile, these mines have appeared attractive to children, they thought that the mentioned mines are toys. During the military attacks, anti-personnel mines were placed in the food plate, flour bin, inside the wardrobe, behind the gate, under the carpet, under the bed, inside the kitchen cupboard and other parts of the houses of the people who fled from the war. The military style of fighting has killed thousands of other civilians in Afghanistan.
8- There are no reliable figures of landmines in Afghanistan. But reports say that from 1980 till the withdrawal of Soviet troops and the defeat of the communist system, more than 142,355 landmines were planted in Afghanistan.

b) Other cases of using prohibited weapons

9- There are evidence of the use of explosive rockets and bombs that scatter hundreds of small blade-like fragments. The use of the mentioned bombs produces a kind of incendiary black asphalt type substance that is dropped inside the boxes from the plane, 30cm long and 18 cm wide.
It is possible, they are active for months and are ignited due to contact, and with the production of gas, they turn into fire and flames. An Austrian institute describes the nature of bombs as follows. "A 2.5-meter-long baler surrounded by six two-meter tubes made of magnesium and phosphorus. As soon as it hits, the liquid in the baler ignites. The pipes are on fire, creating heat that is enough to melt bones." In this report, poisoning of water and livestock with the use of chemical substances is claimed, and people call these bombs Nepal.

C) Abusing captive fighters

10 - The reports say that the fighters of both sides thought that they would be killed if captured. Former Soviet soldiers have confirmed the existence of this policy. "Igor Rykov, a deserter from the Soviet army, said in an interview that we did not take any prisoners of war, we destroyed them. Similarly, the resistance forces used to kill the Soviet soldiers and members of the Afghan government in the name of atheists upon arrest.

D) Sexual assaults and Mistreatments of Women

11- Afghans usually don't want to discuss the issue of rape. According to the evidence of some human rights organizations, it seems that sexual assault by Soviet soldiers was not systematic but was the occasional result of the uncontrolled behavior of undisciplined camps. During the Jihad, the resistance forces have committed sexual assaults in every area they control. There are many reports from the country's provinces that resistance forces arrested women and girls who were working or studying outside the home for the crime of espionage and irreligiousness, and raped them. There are reports that the Soviet soldiers have also committed hundreds of sexual assaults on women in revenge operations against the resistance forces and during raids on houses in the villages of Afghanistan. In 1984, they say: "The Russians took 21 old men from the village of Alishing and killed them in the village of Ren, and they returned to the village again and raped the women present in the village, and the women and children who fled were beheaded with knives.
12-Anders Fang, the head of the Swedish Committee for Afghanistan at the time, writes in a report that 5,000 immigrants from Amal district of Kunduz province were attacked by the Soviets while they were fleeing to Pakistan. The Soviet soldiers demanded money from them, cut the throats of 12 children, raped their mothers, and ripped open the bellies of 3 pregnant women. He says that women have been raped in almost all parts of Afghanistan by the Soviet forces, the Afghan government, and the Mujahideen forces.
13- Reports from the words of the famous Afghan painter Ghousuddin Naqsh say that his friend, newly groom and his newly wedded wife met with a Russian convoy in the vast area of Kabul. The Russians take the woman's hijab from her face and take her with them and tell her husband that he will bring your wife here tomorrow and we will hand him over to you. The day after a tank brought the woman to the same place. The woman comes down from the tank and cries to her husband that I lost everything, kill me, the man wants to kill his wife, but the Russians shoot him.
14- A young Afghan immigrant woman who worked as a nurse in a maternity hospital in Peshawar says in the context. In an attempt in April 1984, women of 5 houses in Moi Mubarak Taimani area were sexually assaulted by Russian soldiers. In the second case, 3 young girls who were on their way to the hamam along the road of Najarai Khairkhaneh Castle were arrested by Russian soldiers and taken to a tank for sexual acts. The third case, 3 girls were standing at Moi Mubarak Taimani car station. The Soviet soldiers tried to transfer them into the tank, but they were met with the resistance of the girls and a number of Kabul University students. This resistance led to the death of about 20 civilians. The fourth case is the abduction and rape of a Hindu student of Zarghune High School by Soviet soldiers. The fifth case was about 3 cases of rape and murder of young women and girls by Russians in Deh Sabz, Khairkhane and Shahrno districts of Kabul.
15-Women who were arrested by Khad's intelligence agency. Not only were they tortured like men. But sometimes they were subjected to rape and sexual abuse. Khad's torture includes raping women, tying women's hands and feet, inserting various objects into pregnant women's vaginas, and sexually assaulting them in the presence of their families.

G) Killing and abusing children.

16- Children were among the main victims of the conflict in Afghanistan. Children were bombed in schools and mosques, and they were targeted while fleeing to caves or on the way to immigrate to Pakistan or Iran, and some were burned alive in prisons. Unborn children have been killed in their mothers' wombs. In a revenge attack, Russian soldiers massacred women and children in a small village in Kunduz province. Children in cradles and children who could walk were killed with knives.
17 - In the months of September, October and November 1985, Soviet soldiers and Afghan government forces killed 25 children between twelve months and six years old during separate operations on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, Barkat and Biedmushk villages in Ghazni Province, and Afghan government forces killed 20 other teenagers. They forcibly took young children with them to the Afghan army force.
18- Russian soldiers and government soldiers attacked Arghach village in Khogyani district of Nangarhar province in September 1985 and killed 23 teenagers who were engaged in local games and sports.
19 - According to a migrant of Laghman province in Pakistan's Monda camp: Soviet soldiers attacked the village of Kats in Laghman province in the month of May 1985; "They dragged the children who were sheltering in a cave and they burned a number of them alive, took others to the reed fields and cut their throats with knives, and in the second attack, more ruthless than the previous one, they killed 4 children between the ages of three weeks and 7 years, first with knives, and then set fire to them, in front of their families.
20- The Soviet soldiers were sometimes shocked by their inhuman acts and were affected by their cruel behavior to Afghan children. A Soviet military officer says in the context. On the Jalalabad Road to Kabul, a 7-year-old girl was standing on the side of the road. One of his hands was broken. It was just hanging by a thread. I went to help her, but she was terrified to see me and ran away. As soon as I caught her, she started biting and scratching my hands like a wild animal. She was shaking, as if another wild animal had grabbed him. I suddenly realized that she thought I was going to kill her. Most Afghans had the same impression of us.

Destruction of rural economy

21- The destruction of the rural economy has taken place at least in parts of the provinces of Badakhshan, Kunara (including today's Nuristan), Parwan (including today's Panjshir), Kabul, Nangarhar, Logar, Paktia (including today's Khost), Kandahar, Herat, Laghman and Kunduz. Soviet forces used different tactics in this regard. These tactics not only spread terror, but also destroyed the food sources of the villages that the resistance forces relied on for their livelihood. Peasants were killed. The feed materials were destroyed and the production process of the feed materials was disrupted. The delicate agricultural structures of the villages were destroyed. As a result of this tactic, major areas of Afghanistan turned into barren land.

Destruction of food supplies

22- Wheat is the main food of Afghans, the fields of this agricultural product was severely destroyed due to the Soviet attacks on Afghanistan. Therefore, the purpose of its destruction was the lack of food in the villages of Afghanistan. Since then, setting fire to fields, forests, trees and wheat threshing, poisoning flour hives, destroying livestock and its products has been an important part of the attacks and revenge operations of Russian soldiers in Afghanistan.
23 - Reports indicate that in the disputed areas of strategic importance, the Soviet and Afghan forces were attacking all parts of the agricultural system. The irrigation system was disrupted by the rockets and the pit system that was built over a hundred generations to make this area viable for living, was also destroyed. The vineyards and famous fruit trees of Kandahar Province dried up and died due to the lack of water caused by damage to the irrigation systems.
24- Sayyed Azam, a resident of Maidan Wardak province, said in an interview on 22 September 1984, in Peshawar, Pakistan: The Afghan and Soviet forces, who were moving along the road from Kabul, Ghazni and Kandahar, were accompanied by helicopters, regardless of the presence of War or otherwise, they would shoot at any mover.

Theft of property

25- Victor Vibobrov, an officer of the Soviet forces who lived in Afghanistan during the years 1983-1985, says: "There were many cases of looting, theft and usurpation of property by Soviet soldiers and officers in Afghanistan." Such acts were not only provoked by the Soviet military but also by the civilian leaders of that country.

Hospitals

26- Reports indicate that in the early 1980s, Soviet forces attacked medical facilities in areas under the control of the resistance.
27- The Soviet soldiers destroyed the Yekavalang hospital in Bamyan province during an attack in the month of September 1980.
28- Soviet and Afghan soldiers destroyed the small Lalanj hospital in the west of Kabul in the month of October 1980.
29- At the beginning of 1981, the Soviet forces started bombing French hospitals and medical institutions in Panjshir, and as a result, three small Madison hospitals were destroyed.
30 - On October 13, 1981, the hospital of the same institution in Rakheh district of Panjshir province was attacked by Soviet air forces and its stone structure was razed to the ground.
31- On the 4 November 1981, MSF hospital was attacked and destroyed in Jaghori district of Ghazni province in the south of Hazara Jat region.
32 - On 5 November 1981, the clinic of the International Medical Assistance Institute was destroyed in Nangarhar province. On the same date, Doctors Without Borders clinic was targeted and destroyed in Vars district of Bamyan province.
33 - On March 14, 1982, the new hospital built by Doctors Without Borders in Jaghori district of Ghazni province was targeted and destroyed for the second time.

Imposing restrictions and attacking journalists

34- Vitaly Smirnov, the Soviet ambassador in Pakistan, said to two French journalists on 13 Mizan 1363 (October 5, 1984): "I warn you and through you to your journalist colleagues to stop infiltrating inside Afghanistan." From now on, evildoers and so-called journalists (French, English and others) will be killed along with them, and our people in Afghanistan will help the Afghan forces in doing this. "
35- After Barak Carmel came to power, foreign journalists were expelled from Afghanistan and strict control was imposed on their entry into Afghanistan. Journalists who stepped beyond the set limits. If they were arrested, they would be treated as spies (CIA) and imprisoned for espionage after trial.

From the Soviet occupation to the fall of Najibullah
(10 August 1358 to 26 Hamel 1371 / 27 December 1979 to 15 April 1992)
Arrest, torture, arbitrary execution, forced conscription of minors, separating children from their families

1- The city is filled with fear and this issue was evident in the faces of all the Afghans we managed to see. They say that this fear and terror is systematically created by the secret police of Afghanistan, Khad, which constantly spreads its legs over the city like a real octopus. There are stories of disappearances, arrests and espionage in Kabul, where Khad has not only become a government within the government, but also the government itself. The Afghan regime and their Soviet allies maintained control over the cities by instilling fear and terror among the terrified population of arrest, torture, imprisonment and execution per capita. This system was implemented by the largest organization of the Afghan regime, the government intelligence service, known as Khad. Khad's budget was even higher than the country's military budget and it was said that it was directly financed by the Soviet Union. This organization, which was established in 1359 (1980) with the guidance of consultants (KGB), was under the strict supervision of the Soviet Union. Mokhbarin Khad had a spy in almost every department and classroom and every Afghan family. Torture of detainees by Khad had become a common thing.
2- The reports published by the Human Rights Monitoring Organization and Amnesty International contain many pages of word-for-word testimonies of torture victims.
3- The cited reports indicate that the investigation was carried out with the systematic use of torture under the supervision of Soviet advisers. Also, there were reports that Khad's Foreign Affairs Department was responsible for a large number of acts of terrorism and destruction that were carried out against Mujahideen and Muhajirin targets in Pakistan.
In 1365 (1986), the police recorded 52 bomb explosions in the border state, during which 42 people were killed. In the first eight months of 1366 (1987), sixty-four people were killed in fifty-five explosions. Most of these explosions were the work of Afghanistan's State Intelligence Organization (Khad).
4- After the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan found a greater need for new soldiers to fill the empty parts due to the desertion of the army soldiers, it began to force people to join the army on a large scale. Since Askari's life expectancy was reduced to fifteen years in 1361 (1982), the government also began to forcibly recruit young children. But the children of party members were exempted from military service until they completed their education in school.
5- In 1365 (1986), the general situation of human rights in the areas under government control gradually improved. There has been a decrease in the number of political prisoners, as a result of several general amnesties, prisoners have been released. During the last six months, no new reports about torture have been received according to international conventions.

A) House raids and arrests

6 - Khad used to arrest people in various ways. Sometimes the militias would surround a house at night and then attempt to arrest people, tear pillows, clothes, and clean books and documents. In most cases, arrests were made without permission and without identification of the arresting officer. No reason was given for arresting the person and his family was not informed about the place where the prisoner was being transferred.
7- The Afghan government had banned all forms of public demonstrations against the government. Demonstrators were shot, killed or wounded. Those who were arrested were interrogated. In 1359 (1980) to 1981 (1981), hundreds of people were killed and thousands of people were arrested as a result of the suppression of public demonstrations by the masses of the people, by the government of Kabul and of course with the help of the Russians.
8- A little later, the shopkeepers' strike on the 3rd of Haut (February 21, 1980) caused a week of demonstrations with the participation of thousands of people in Kabul. People went to the roof of their houses at night and said Allahu Akbar. This demonstration was faced with ground and air attacks by the Soviet and Afghan military forces, and according to the Afghan government, 500 people were killed in this incident.
9- The students of Kabul University and the female students of the schools of Kabul city protested three times against what was considered the occupation of the country by the Soviets, which were repressed by the Afghan government and the Soviet forces all three times, and as a result, hundreds of young people were killed and injured. Thousands of other youths were arrested and sent to prison.

b) Torture

10- After Babarak Carmel came to power in 1358 (December 1979), widespread and systematic torture of political suspects in all detention centers of the country by special police (Khad) and members of the armed forces was repeatedly applied and this situation has been applied in the three ruling governments of The time of Thor revolution 1357 (1978) continued until the fall of the communist system. The testimonies of released prisoners and the statements of a former Khad officer named Chahar, a professional torturer. Mohammad Rahim, Samad Azhar, Abdul Ghani and Farouk Miakhil.
11- It is said that the torture included electric shocks, beatings, burning with cigarettes, disconnection from family, deprivation of food, sleep and rest, some prisoners were kept in chains for long periods of time with their hands and feet tied. 12- Torture was applied in the Ministry of Interior, Kabul prisons (Pol Charkhi prison) and all Khad detention centers. Khad detention centers in particular include the Khad headquarters located in the chancellery, the Shesh Darek office, the fifth branch office of the Nizami Khad located in Dar al-Aman, the third and fourth branches, two private houses, one near the chancellery (Ahmed Shah Khan's house) and the second one in Wazir Akbar Khan and Khad's office in the third district of Brikot, Karte Se branch, Shahrara and about 200 individual houses in Kabul city, which were used as detention centers and were under Khad's control, were mentioned.
13 - In the provinces, the arrested persons were first taken to the local Khad office for preliminary investigation. Then, the more important prisoners were transferred to one of the detention centers in Kabul (Chairmanship and Pul Charkhi) for further investigation.
13 - In the provinces, the arrested persons were first taken to the local Khad office for preliminary investigation. Then, the more important prisoners were transferred to one of the detention centers in Kabul (Chairmanship and Pul Charkhi) for further investigation.
14- The frequency and severity of torture were adjusted according to the political importance and physical strength of the prisoner. Prisoners released from the Afghan government prisons tell of eight new tortures. Giving electric shocks generally to male genitals and female breasts, pulling out nails, preventing defecation, inserting pieces of wood into men's anus, pulling out beards, urinating in prisoners' mouths, placing guard dogs on the heads of detainees, hanging prisoners. From the foot, raping women, inserting various objects into their vaginas.
Razia, a student of Kabul University who was imprisoned in the chancellery for a year in 1981, mentions the names of the torturers she knew. Mohammad Rahim, Samad Azhar, Abdul Ghani, and Farouk Miakhil. He continued his speech. "I saw the torture of many people and I was tortured myself. Electricity, standing in cold water, preventing sleep, beatings, these were normal and mundane things. They made a man stand on the table, pulled his nails and tied him with chains and cables, prevented the women from sleeping. One day they brought a young girl into the room where I was. Khad employees touched her whole body, hours later they also brought a Mujahid man, later they beat Mujahid in front of the girl. That girl (Jameila) went crazy and didn't move for a week. "
They forced me to stand on the cold water, Razia continued. They added some kind of chemicals to the water and after thirty to forty minutes the skin on my feet was removed and they showed my photo in the demonstration. Hundreds if not thousands of released prisoners confirmed these statements and expressed the worst kind of tortures.
Qudratullah is another prisoner who describes his tortures like this. "They put me in a small room in the chancellery. They accused me of burning schools. For ten times they put my fingers under the table and pressed the table. My nails are bleeding. They tortured me for 5 hours. At the order of the Russians, the soldiers brought a wire and tied it to my legs, then they gave me a shock and I lost consciousness. After an hour when I regained consciousness, they put my head inside two tables and pushed the tables towards each other. After half an hour, I felt that my legs were light and my body was heavy above my legs. My eyes and neck were swollen and I passed out. When I regained consciousness, I saw a lot of blood on the floor of the room.
Science professor Fahima Naseri confirms how women were tortured in 1360 (1980) during her two arrests. I was arrested for organizing demonstrations against Soviet aggression, the Khadists, after beating me, pulled out my hair and insulted me. They forced me to stand on the blue water, I felt like there were needles in the water, my legs started to swell, as if they were going to explode. But on the night of the 13th, they took me to another room [starts crying] it smelled and was stinky. I saw a dead body, fingers cut off, arms and legs cut off and blood everywhere. I was unconscious for a few hours, later the interrogation started again with torture....”
15- Dr. Mohammad Azam Dadfar, who had a treatment clinic in Pakistan, says that 98% of the victims he treated were exposed to "beating with whips, pieces of wood, cable wire, kicks and punches". 74 percent were tortured with electric shocks. 47% reported hitting their heads. 17% were sexually tortured. Scars, burns, fractures, missing teeth, abnormal finger joints were seen in 61% of the victims. All these victims suffer from mental disorders such as irritability, aggression, anxiety, depression and mental disorders.
16- The Afghans who experienced torture did not see themselves as mere victims. The interaction between the torturer and the tortured is a relationship between cruelty and human dignity. On one side is the torturer and his cruelty and on the other side is the suffering, dignity and resistance of the victim against torture. Resistance is not just to keep secrets, but a protest born of human dignity and innocence.
"I had nothing to hide, I decided to remain silent," said a prisoner who was imprisoned in Pol Charkhi prison for five years. And it was suppression of thought and freedom of expression, I considered my resistance to be a small part of my people's resistance against aggression.
It is torture. Resistance is not just to keep secrets, but it is a protest based on human dignity and innocence. A prisoner who was imprisoned in Pol Charkhi prison for five years says: "I had nothing to hide, I decided to remain silent." They tortured me severely, the torture was beyond the scope of a human being's resistance. Resistance against that was resistance against tyranny and suppression of thought and freedom of expression, I considered my resistance a small part of my people's resistance against aggression. "
It is torture. Resistance is not just to keep secrets, but it is a protest based on human dignity and innocence.
A prisoner who was imprisoned in Pol Charkhi prison for five years says: "I had nothing to hide, I decided to remain silent." They tortured me severely, the torture was beyond the scope of a human being's resistance. Resistance against that was resistance against tyranny and suppression of thought and freedom of expression, I considered my resistance a small part of my people's resistance against aggression."

Frame 5:
Torture methods used by Khad
physical torture

1- Systematic beatings with sticks, whips, cable wires, fists, kicks and slaps, and beatings with gun butts.
2- Electrical torture of sensitive parts of the body, such as the tongue, etc. 3- Direct blow to the head, hanging the body by one leg or hand.
4 - Burning with a cigarette, wrapping barbed wire around the fingers.
5. Direct impact on the genitals, hanging a weight on the testicles or blocking the urinary tract. Placing the victim on the barbed wire. Pulling hair, torturing the joints.
6- Breaking teeth, inserting bottles, eggs or bullets into men's anus, pulling out nails, burning and plucking beards.
7- Suffocating, breaking different bones, pouring boiling water on the head, wounding the skin and pouring salt on it.
8- Putting hot steel on the palm, using chemicals to cause sensitivity and itching, piercing the tongue with a needle.
9- Tying to a tree while kicking and punching, dragging the victim with a vehicle while his hands and feet are tied. Putting weights on the head, drilling the femur.

mental torture

1- Cursing, insulting, humiliating and forcing the victim to witness the torture of others and hard work, forcing the prisoner to eat contaminated food, threatening the victim's family. Placing the victim in a dark room where the presence of an unpleasant smell causes vomiting and forcing the prisoner to stand for a long time in extreme cold or snow or in the hot sun.
2- Undressing and forcing the prisoner to walk with his eyes closed.
3- Taking blood from the victim for military purposes. Solitary confinement in the bathroom. Forcing a prisoner to look directly at a 500 watt group for an extended period of time.
4- Keeping a prisoner in a humid room full of insects. Forcing the prisoner to stand on one leg and raise his hands.
5- Showing scenes of execution and torture in order to intimidate the victim. Deprivation of ordinary water and giving salt water. Forcing the victim to take unknown drugs, threatening the victim with shooting and shooting around him and burying the victim up to the neck.
Source: Dr. Mohammad Azam Dadfar
17- Reports say that Khad agents had learned the method of investigation in three to six months training courses in the Soviet Union. The Soviets had also set up a school in the Kabul Company area near Paghman to teach Afghan military intelligence techniques.
18- The role of Soviet advisers has been described in many testimonies. A former official explained to the Human Rights Monitoring Organization:
A) The Soviets have an office in Kabul that controls Khad. This office is located in a private house on Dar al-Aman Road, between Habibiya High School and the Soviet Embassy. According to reports, Soviet personnel in Khad centers supervise the interrogation of prisoners and their torture, and take part in the interrogation and direct it.
19- After the beginning of the national reconciliation policy during the time of Dr. Najibullah, these policies improved. The reports come from the words of Professor Ermakura, the special rapporteur of the United Nations, during his trip to Afghanistan in 1366 (September 1987). The six-month reports show that there have been no incidents of torture in government prisons in the coming years. Except for those who were arrested in connection with the Tenni coup in March 1990. 644 officers and soldiers have been arrested and tortured for involvement in anti-government activities. General Abdulwase Azizi was one of the accused who died under torture.

C) Compulsory military service, including forced labor

20 - In 1361 (1982) in the regulations related to military service, the service life of military personnel was reduced to 15 years. Military service was compulsory and the first military service period was increased from two years to three years in 1361 (1984) and from three years to four years in 1363 (1984). Reports show that with the continuation of compulsory military service, universities and schools will be empty of male students. Discrimination was prevalent in the military system. Students belonging to families loyal to the Communist Party or their supporters had the privilege of not being a member of the camp at the age of 15 and continuing their education inside or outside the country.
21 - According to human rights reports, those who were arrested during massive raids to recruit soldiers, were temporarily imprisoned and surrendered to Khad for the purpose of obtaining information about the resistance, and suffered the same fate as thousands of other political and military prisoners. They were persecuted.
22- They had an organization for teenagers and younger children called "Scouts". They sent the youths to the Soviet Union, after six months of training, they were sent back to Afghanistan and sent to different regions for the purpose of gathering information. Some of these children were arrested by resistance forces and kept in educational centers (training camps) in Pakistan.

d) Trials, convictions and executions

23- According to the statements submitted to the Human Rights Monitoring Organization, a number of prisoners who were found to be innocent. They were often held in prisons for months without charge or trial and were released without explanation. Most of them had to sign a letter of commitment not to oppose the government as a condition of their freedom.
24- Those who were found guilty were issued a lawsuit form from Khad and in the results of the investigation and the laws based on which the defendant was charged, which was proposed to the revolutionary court.
25 - The prisoner could not meet the family and the defense lawyer, face the witnesses and prepare his defense. In most cases, the main evidence was the confession obtained under torture, the confessions of the prisoners were presented in the special court of Khad.
26 - The members of the special revolutionary trial are the same members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and in some cases they were recruited from Khad himself. The court sessions were not public and people did not know about the court of their relatives and it was Khad who decided about the innocence and guilt of the person instead of the court. These courts even had the authority to impose death, which had to be approved by the Revolutionary Council. But the defendant could not appeal.
27- When Babrak Karmel became the head of the Revolutionary Council of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1358 (1980), he stated that the government considers "abolishing the death penalty under favorable conditions" as its immediate duty. After these statements, the number of executions increased dramatically until the peak of 1363, and only from 1357 to 1368, tens of thousands of people were sentenced to death in a revolutionary trial. But in 1367, by the order of Dr. Najib, the revolutionary trial was canceled and other courts were placed under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, and the number of executions and killings of civilians decreased dramatically, and the execution of the death penalty was placed under more judicial supervision. Only 54 people were sentenced to death for participating in Shahnawaz Teni and Hekmatyar's coup.
28 - In 1359 (1980), the Kabul government announced 18 executions, including 17 former officials of the Hafizullah Amin government and Abdul Majid Kalkani, the leader of Sama in Kabul. Mohammad Sediq and Mohammad Aref, brothers of Alim Yar, who were accused of murdering Mir Akbar Khyber and committing other terrorist acts by Hafizullah Amin, were among those who were reported to have been executed. In Sartan / Asad 1361 (July 1982), Khad succeeded in arresting 10 members of the Sama Central Committee and all of them were executed.
29 - From the summer of 1360 (1981) to the month of Jedi 1363 (1985), 299 government officials were arrested and executed.
30 - Abdul Ahed Karzai has been quoted as saying that during his seven-month stay in Polcharkhi prison in 1361 (1982), about three hundred men were taken out of Polcharkhi prison at night with their hands and eyes closed for execution. Asad, a student of engineering faculty at Kabul University, a prisoner released from Polcharkhi prison, said in an interview that from 1361 to 1363 Thor Mizan (December 1982 to September 1984), he witnessed that the government soldiers took 425 people out of Polcharkhi prison for execution using night silence. Have. The doctors took all the prisoners' blood for the wounded in the camp and then shot them. After that, tractors and bulldozers would come and cover them with dirt.
31- In the same way, thousands of people were sentenced to death without establishing the crime and were executed, and this work is still going on all over the country.
32 - When Babrak Karmel became the head of the Revolutionary Council of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1358 (1980). 31- Mohammad Nabi, another prisoner released from Polcharkhi prison, said in an interview in Peshawar, Pakistan, that thousands of people were sentenced to death without establishing the crime, and this work is still going on throughout the country.

z) Deportation or forced transfer of people

32 - During the years 1365-1363 (1984/1986), a number of Afghans recalled the forced separation of some children from their parents and families, who were sent to the Soviet Union without their consent. These violations were carried out as a result of the programs planned by the administration of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan under the pretext of conducting short-term and long-term education.
33- The transfer of Afghan children abroad was done through an institution called "Vatan Nursery", the head of which was Mrs. Babrak Karmel.

The fall of Najibullah from the Thor revolution
(27 April 1978 - 15 April 1992. 7 Thor 1357 - 26 Hamel 1371)

Violation of human rights by armed opposition groups

1- During the regime's fourteen years of rule, armed oppositions against Taraki, Amin, Carmel, Najibullah, and Soviet regimes have taken place in various forms. These oppositions started through local uprisings, political organizations, organizations based in Pakistan and Iran, mobile armed groups that launched missile attacks against different targets.
2- The absolute majority were Afghan fighters, but some Pakistani nationals also participated in the war. At the end of 1369-1359 decade (1980), a small number of Arabs, including fugitive criminals, from other parts of the world participated in the war in Afghanistan. These Arabs founded Al-Qaeda organization during a meeting in Khost province in 1367 (1988).
3- According to reports, this organization received help from foreign governments and a number of Arabs. Pakistan's General Directorate of Intelligence (ISI) was the main foreign organization that actually participated in the Afghan resistance, and sometimes its employees accompanied the commanders in their missions.
4- The main role of the United States of America and the government of Saudi Arabia was to provide weapons for the Mujahideen parties. In exchange for money, China sold weapons similar to Soviet weapons to the United States and Saudi Arabia for the war in Afghanistan. The CIA was responsible for the transfer of weapons to Pakistan and the ISI was responsible for delivering them to the Mujahideen inside Afghanistan.
5- In Hut 1365/Hamal 1364 (March 1985), the United States of America government issued National Security Order No. 166, the main purpose of which was to assist the Mujahideen's military victory. It is reported that the aid to the resistance groups increased and Stinger missiles (guided by laser rays) were given to the Mojahedin for the first time in Sable/Mizan 1365 (September 1986).
It is reported that the aid to the resistance groups increased and Stinger missiles (guided by laser rays) were handed over to the Mojahedin for the first time in Sable/Mizan 1365 (September 1986). In addition, CIA direct aid and assistance began to a number of major commanders, including Ahmad Shah Massoud, Abdul Haq, Jalaluddin Haqqani, and Amin Wardak. It is reported that the CIA has also trained the Mujahideen in combat techniques.
6- The Geneva Agreements on Afghanistan signed on 25 August 1367 (April 14, 1988) required the cessation of foreign aid by Pakistan and the United States of America to armed groups in Afghanistan. Nevertheless, from the withdrawal of the Soviet Union until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the assistance to the Mujahideen and the Kabul government continued despite what was stipulated in the Geneva Agreements.
7- After the withdrawal of the Soviet forces, it was reported that the United States on the one hand, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on the other hand had severe differences regarding the future direction of Afghanistan. In 1368 (1989), after the failed attacks on the city of Jalalabad, it is claimed that the United States of America ordered that no more aid be given to Hekmatyar. In addition, there is considerable evidence that the CIA resisted the efforts of the US State Department to reach a political solution and bring Hekmatyar under control. CIA and ISI, and operationally, especially ISI after the Jalalabad war, organized the firing of missiles towards the city of Kabul.
8- Shiite parties supported by Iran were inclined to withdraw from the main battle due to the position of the Hazaras. It is claimed that eight Shia parties based in Iran and the Shia party of Harak Islami were involved in the Kabul city rain racket. Shiite parties with the help of Iran (intelligence, IRGC and Islamic Revolution Office) were trying to bring Afghan Shiites who follow the Khomeini line to power in Afghanistan.
9- During this period, the Mujahideen formed different alliances, coalitions and temporary governments, but they never combined their military wing, and therefore, none of these coalitions took control of the war operations. Among the commanders, party leaders, the ISI was divided with the support of the CIA and Saudi intelligence.
Commanders, party leaders, with the support of CIA/ISI and Saudi intelligence (general) were divided.
10 - In 1359 (1980), ISI officially recognized seven Sunni parties as its counterpart, in cooperation with Jamiat-e-Islami, Pakistani Islamist parties. Three Nasonalist and Traditionalist parties under the leadership of Seyyed Ahmad Gilani (Mali Islamic Front), Sibghatullah Mujadadi (Islamic National Movement) and Mohammadi (Islamic Revolution Movement) formed a moderate coalition. Now, the Islamist parties led by Hekmatyar, Rabbani, Khalis and Sayyaf formed a coalition with three other small parties.
11 - The United States, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia sought more international recognition for the Mujahideen, and thus encouraged the seven major Sunni parties to create the Islamic Alliance of the Afghan Mujahideen. Iran also united eight Shia parties in the form of Hizb Vahdat as a similar act.
12 - After the withdrawal of the Russians from Afghanistan, the interim government was formed under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai and a council consisting of seven parties in Rawalpindi, Pakistan under the leadership of Sayyaf. This council has been trying to provide a base for the interim government inside Afghanistan, which would lead to its diplomatic recognition. The United States of America, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia organized an attack against Jalalabad in Hut 1367, Hamal 1368 (March 1989), during which thousands of people, including a number of civilians, were killed. And for the first time Al-Qaeda organization played a major role in this battle. However, the Jalalabad attack failed to achieve its goal.
13- In response to this failure, the US State Department, contrary to the CIA, supported the formation of the Council of Commanders, in which Jalaluddin Haqqani, Massoud and Abdul Haq participated without Hekmatyar and Sayyaf commanders.
14 - Official aid ended in Sanblah/Mizan 1370 (September 1991) after the unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev. The Soviet Union and the United States of America agreed to stop aid to both sides of the conflict. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the fall of Dr. Najib's government in April 1992 and led to the reconfiguration of Afghanistan's armed groups.
Both sides should stop the conflict. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to the fall of Dr. Najib's government in April 1992 and led to the reconfiguration of Afghanistan's armed groups.

A) Legal frameworks

15 - In most of the observed periods, the armed opposition groups in the entire country did not have a valid command. Because the government lost control of a number of city centers in the country. Public administration in tribal areas located in the south of the country was under the supervision of tribal leaders, not commanders. The scholars who were among the Mujahideen established a system of sharia courts that were implemented in the areas under the administration of the opponents of the government.
16- To understand the actions of Mujahideen groups, it will be useful to examine the legal criteria, at least some of which are applicable in war. In 1369-1359 (1980s), a copy of the book of Jihad rules was published by Afghan Mujahideen who were immigrants in Pashtunistan and Baluchistan regions. This book introduced the ideas of conservative scholars. In this book, it was considered permissible to help unbelievers in Jihad.
71 - The author divides the people with whom the Mujahideen were fighting into three categories: atheists, apostates, and Muslims who help the infidels. The book is written in such a way that killing, looting, enslaving women and children of this group of people is applicable for Mujahideen.
18 - The author defined an atheist as a person who denies God. Kafir as a person who thinks that all people share in each other's property and belongings, (an explicit reference to communism) and an apostate, a Muslim who has left Islam, he may be an infidel or an old person, Christianity, Judaism or paganism. be worshipful.
19- In the rulings and teachings of the Hanafi religion, it has been concluded that jihad must be done against atheists, whether they have attacked Muslims or otherwise. The nature of this obligation depends on the circumstances. If the atheists attacked the Muslims with many forces. Malkfit is every Muslim who participates in Jihad. Otherwise, it is the collective responsibility of the Islamic Ummah to take part in the war.
20- It is permissible for Mujahideen to continue fighting with the enemy even at the cost of killing Muslim civilian hostages, and if in this case, Mujahideen commit individual murder, they are not required to pay the blood price.
21- It is forbidden to kill women, minor children, elderly men, disabled people, people who are worshiping in the church or other places of worship (non-Muslims). If these people commit acts of destruction against Muslims, it is permissible for Mujahideen to kill them. Mujahideen are prohibited from killing elderly people whose brain capacity has ended. Wise old people who do not incite people to fight with Muslims and are not capable of fighting should not be killed.
22 - It is stated in the book that atheists and others (Muslims who commit crimes) should be killed even if they have repented. Their execution is not an obligation because of their apostasy, but they should be executed to prevent their influence on other people. .
23- Khalqi women who turned away from Islam and were captured by Mujahideen should not be returned to their families. The marriage of Khalkis with their wives is invalid. Mujahideen can attack women who do not observe Islamic hijab.
24 - It is stated in the book that people involved in espionage should be executed if they are caught, even if they are women or children.

b) Examples of human rights violations

25- In the beginning, Mujahideen consisted of uncoordinated groups in different parts of the country. During the uprising against the regime of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan in 1357-1358 (1978-79), it was reported that the resistance forces targeted civilian targets such as schools and government buildings.
b) Examples of human rights violations
25- In the beginning, Mujahideen consisted of uncoordinated groups in different parts of the country. During the uprising against the regime of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan in 1357-1358 (1978-1979), it was reported that the resistance forces targeted civilian targets such as schools and government buildings. According to reports, the resistance forces were killing government employees and police officers suspected of being communists. The resistance forces committed executions without trial, including the killing of hostages.
26- In 1365 (1986), Mujahideen attacked Kabul and other cities with rockets and it was reported that they were involved in terrorist acts, such as assassinations, bombings inside cars and cinemas, massacre of civilians, war crimes and violations Human rights were involved, such as rocket attacks on civilian areas, trafficking of women and children, rape, mutilation of body parts, attacks on journalists, attacks on aid convoys, looting, etc. According to reports, long-range and inaccurate Chinese and Egyptian missiles distributed by the CIA and ISI to jihadi commanders generally killed and injured civilians. At least in two cases, the use of Stanger missiles has led to the downing of planes carrying civilian passengers.

c) Treating prisoners

27- The Mujahideen's behavior with prisoners evolved during the war, based on studies by the Human Rights Monitoring Organization in 1366 (1987), the resistance forces tortured government prisoners. so that the prisoner is forced to talk about the military activities of the units and their peers.

d) Execution of Afghan military prisoners

28- When the officers of the Afghan army were captured, the resistance parties initially confirmed their affiliation with the Communist Party (their apostasy). When their apostasy was proven, their condemnation was severe punishment. These detentions and executions were committed both in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Pakistan was committed.
29- Jeff B. Harmon, an independent filmmaker who visited the resistance bases in Kandahar in 1985 (1364), describes the following scenes that he also filmed:
 (a) In a military base in the suburbs of Kandahar, in the headquarters of Haji Abdul Latif, the leader of the resistance affiliated to the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan (under the leadership of Gilani), I witnessed 12 prisoners of the Afghan army one behind the other in front of a judge named Maulvi Abdul Bari, who was waiting They had received the execution order from the guerrilla commander from Peshawar, Pakistan. Abdulbari claims to have executed 2500 prisoners.
 (b) The judge told me: "I have personally cut the throats of 1000 people." I have hanged 500 Russian atheists. According to him, other captives have been tied up with bullets. They were beheaded and stoned. "
 (c) This information was presented in front of 12 captives who seemed to be facing a similar fate. They were passively listening to his words, and this executioner judge (Mohammed Juma) touched the head of his ax and said with a terrible laugh: This is not a normal ax. This ax is for cutting.
 (d) But the justice of the bari type was faster and more formal than the justice of the central headquarters of the guerrillas affiliated to Hizb-e-Islami (Hekmatyar branch) in Kandahar. In Hekmatyar's guerrilla camp, 12 captives were killed with a spearhead. Their rotting corpses, buried in self-made graves, made the camp stink.
30- One of the well-documented events of mass execution of prisoners took place in 1365 (1986) in the Mojahedin base located in Paktia (Khost). Maulvi Jalaluddin Haqqani, who was affiliated with Hizb-e-Islami (pure) at that time, was in charge of this base.
31 - Maulvi Jalaluddin Haqqani captured several hundred government soldiers in Hutt in 1365. These soldiers, who were proved to be apostates by the Mujahideen trial, were executed. On the same date, Haqqani forces captured several hundred Afghan military soldiers near the tribal areas, Haqqani ordered his forces to send these soldiers on the mines planted by the Soviet forces. This program caused several of them to be injured and the rest were all killed.
32 - In Aqrab and Kaos 1364, November 1985, Ahmad Shah Massoud captured several hundred government soldiers in Nahrin region of Baghlan province, about 250 of them, who thought they were state security employees (khad), after severe torture, were They were massacred by order of Masoud. Mohammad Ishaq, Masoud's representative in Peshawar, Pakistan, on 16 July 1990 (July 7, 1990), in an interview with the Human Rights Monitoring Organization, has frankly confirmed these murders.
In the same way, Masoud purged his warriors in the Panjshir Valley and identified and executed approximately fifty spies who had infiltrated his forces by Khad's secret police.
33 - According to reports, during the withdrawal of the Soviet Union, several camps of the Afghan army surrendered to the Mujahideen and were later illegally executed.
- In Sanblah, Mizan and Aqrab 1366, resistance forces massacred around 60 government soldiers who had surrendered to these forces in Asmar, Kunara province.
35- After the withdrawal of the Soviet forces from the east of Afghanistan in the month of Scorpio and Sagittarius 1367 (November 1988), two bases of Afghan soldiers in the Torkham region surrendered to the Pakistani forces. The Pakistani forces handed over these 77 soldiers to Haji Qadir, the senior commander of Hezb-e-Islami, Yunus Khals. Haji Qadir executed these prisoners in an illegal manner and put their bodies in tea boxes and threw them across the border [in Afghanistan in the sea].
They executed them in an illegal way and put their bodies in tea boxes and threw them across the border (in the sea in Afghanistan).
36 - On the 12th of Mizan 1369 (October 4), after the siege of Qalat, the center of Zabul province, and Trinkot, the center of Uruzgan province, by Mujahideen forces, Abdul Shakur, the governor of Uruzgan province, surrendered to the Mujahideen forces with 95 soldiers, and another 170 soldiers in Qalat after the agreement They surrendered with the Mujahideen. These 260 people were executed as a group a few days later.

r) Political terror and forced disappearances of Afghans in Pakistan

37- The assassinations that have been carried out inside Afghanistan during the early years of the war have been documented by the Human Rights Monitoring Organization. During the years 1362 to 1388 (1979-1983), Golbedin Hekmatyar had death squads that roamed Peshawar, arresting, torturing and executing Afghans suspected of being leftists.
38- After the withdrawal of the Soviet Union, the pressure of the enemy on the Mujahideen decreased, they intensified the competition against each other, and it was at this time that the assassination of the rivals took on a systematic aspect. Also, political rivalries are combined with conflicts over the control of the proceeds of the booming drug trade.
39 - The new US envoy for the Afghan Mujahideen, Adamak Williams, during a trip to Pakistan in the summer of 1988 (1367), found evidence that Golbedin and his senior commanders were systematically supported by ISI agents, Jamaat-e-Islami, Saudi intelligence and the Arab militia. He tries to wipe out his competitors in other resistance groups. Hekmatyar and his senior commanders were engaged in serial kidnapping and murder of Mujahideen supporters, intellectuals, commanders of rival parties and anyone who supported a popular leadership.
40 - What you see below. It is one of the reports in which the murder is alleged.
 (A) In the beginning of 1367 (1989), Ahmad Shah Massoud's half-brother near the consulate America was killed in Islamabad. Masoud's brothers claimed that this assassination was carried out by the Afghanistan cell of the ISI intelligence network.
 (b) On the 18th of January 1368, 30 of Masoud's senior commanders were killed in Dara Farkhar, Takhar Province by Seyyed Jamal, the commander of Hizb-e-Islami. An American journalist claimed that the wiretapping of radio communications by them shows that the order to carry out these murders was issued from Peshawar by Abdul Qadir Karyab, the head of the political committee of Hizb-e-Islami. In connection with this case, Masoud Seyyed Jamal and his close assistants were arrested and executed in Panjshir Valley after trial.
 (a) In the beginning of 1367 (1989), the half brother of Ahmad Shah Massoud was killed near the American consulate in Islamabad. Masoud's brothers believed that this assassination was carried out by the Afghanistan cell of the ISI intelligence network.
 (b) On 18 January 1368, thirty of Masoud's senior commanders were killed by Seyyed Jamal, the commander of Hizb-e-Islami, in Dara Farkhar, Takhar province. An American journalist claimed that the wiretapping of radio communications by them shows that the order to execute these murders was issued from Peshawar by Abdul Qadir Karyab, the head of the political committee of Hizb-e-Islami. Masoud arrested Seyed Jamal and his close aides in connection with this case And after the trial, he was executed in Panjshir Valley.
 (c) On 17 Asad 1368 (8 August 1989), Haji Abdul Latif, the commander of the National Islamic Front, was killed in Kandahar. Gul Agha Shirzai, Minister of City Development of the Karzai Cabinet, considers Abdul Latif's son, Hekmatyar, responsible for his father's murder. It is said that ISI also threatened Haji Abdul Latif with death.
 (d) On 23 Sanbla 1368 (September 14, 1989), Haji Hussain Karukhil, a commander of the Karukhil sect, was assassinated along with his pregnant wife in the Bada Bir camp outside of Peshawar.
 (e) On March 25, 1990 (March 25, 1990), Melansim Akhundzadeh, the commander of the revolution movement (Mohammad) and the first Afghan warlord who planted poppy in Helmand province, was killed in Peshawar.
 (f) In 1368 (1989), the Palestinian researcher, Abdullah Azam, the head of the Al-Khidmat School, who coordinated Islamic aid for the Mujahideen. He was killed with his two children in Peshawar.
 (g) On June 11, 1990 (June 11, 1990), Nasrullah Shariat Yar, the commander of Hizb-e-Islami, was killed in Peshawar due to intra-party conflicts.
41- In addition to assassinating rival commanders, some parties allegedly assassinated rival elites, especially intellectuals and employees of non-governmental institutions and international organizations. The murder of Seyyed Bahauddin Majroh is the most prominent example of these assassinations. Majroh was a university professor and the founder of Afghanistan Information Center's monthly magazine.
42- In the beginning of 1367 (1988), since the Soviet Union was preparing to withdraw its forces from Afghanistan to sign the Geneva Agreements, diplomatic activities intensified to choose a transitional government.
42- In the beginning of 1367 (1988), since the Soviet Union was preparing for the withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan, diplomatic activities intensified to choose a transitional government. The Syed Bahauddin Majroh Center conducted a survey of Afghan expatriates in Pakistan, which showed that nearly 70 percent of respondents preferred a government led by Zahir Shah, the former king of Afghanistan, rather than a system made up of Pakistan-backed Mujahideen groups. particle for direct object. On 22nd of December 1366 (February 11, 1988), armed men martyred 60-year-old Bahauddin Majroh in Pakistan.
43 - According to reports, the injured person was killed by the order of Golbedin Hekmatyar because of his support for Zahir Shah and his criticism of Mujahideen. It is claimed that Hekmatyar along with his uncle Dost Muhammad Khan, Rehmatullah Zubair, Major and Ghulam Nabi, all three from Paktia province, planned this assassination and Major carried out this assassination using Pakistani cars and weapons.
44 - Many similar cases have been reported. According to human rights reports, leaders and some members of secular and left-wing parties were threatened and assassinated in Peshawar, and these threats and assassinations include members of the Afghan Nation, the Revolutionary Association of Afghan Women (Rawa) and Maoist parties such as Shola Javid and Sama.
45- The following cases are about the disappearance and assassination of Afghans in Pakistan, which are taken from the reports of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization.
 (a) In 1366 (1987), Ziandrat, a blind Afghan poet, and Dr. Ruhollah Oman disappeared in Peshawar, Pakistan, and later their bodies were found.
 (b) Shortly before the assassination of the injured, on 15 December 1366 (February 4, 1988), Mina Kishor Kamal, the founder of Rawa, was assassinated in Quetta, Pakistan. Rava has always accused Golbedin and ISI of planning and executing these murders.
 (c) Also, in 1367 (1988), Azizullah Alfat from Hizb-e-Islami Nafmaf was killed in Peshawar, Pakistan.
 (e) Two days before the demonstration, which was planned to commemorate the first anniversary of the mysterious assassination of Mina Kishor Kamal, the Pakistani police, by the order of Golbedin Hekmatyar, arrested several members of Rava and other left-wing organizations, including Dr. Farida Ahmed, the first Afghan woman who spoke about torture. He was arrested by Khad and the Soviet advisers, who testified to the international level.
 (f) In Cancer 1368 (July 1989), armed men belonging to Hezb-e-Islami Younes Khalis killed Dr. Mohammad Nasim Lodin, who was organizing several clinics for immigrants. They were killed by a bullet.
 (g) On 6 Sanbla 1368 (28 August 1989), Mohammad Zakir, an employee of the International Committee of the Red Cross and a member of the Afghan Nation, was killed in Peshawar due to his political affiliation.
 (h) On 12 Sanblah 1368 (September 3, 1989), Abdul Fattah Wadud, an employee of the World Food Program in Peshawar, disappeared after leaving his office to meet with a member of Hizb-e-Islami, and later his body was found in the outskirts of Peshawar.
 (i) On 28 Sanblah 1368 (September 19, 1989), an armed man tried to kill the director of Malali Girls' School, which is named after a similar institution in Kabul. to kill But the school principal manages to escape.
 (j) In 1368 (October 1989), Shah Mohammad Bezgar, a doctor of an international organization, was killed along with three of his colleagues during an ambush in Kandahar.
 (k) In October 1989 (October 1989), Engineer Attaullah, a former employee of the Ministry of Telecommunications in Kabul, was arrested by ISI and killed by Hizb-e-Islami.
 (l) In 1368 (November 1989), Abdul Qayyum, a member of Shola Javed Maoist organization, was killed by a bullet in Peshawar.
It was planned, the Pakistani police on the order of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar arrested several members of RAVA and other leftist organizations, including Dr. Farida Ahmed, the first Afghan woman who testified internationally about her torture at the hands of Khad and Soviet advisers.
 (f) In Cancer 1368 (July 1989), armed men belonging to Hezb-e-Islami Younes Khalis killed Dr. Mohammad Nasim Lodin, who was organizing several clinics for immigrants. assassinated
 (g) On August 28, 1989 (August 28, 1989), Mohammad Zakir, an employee of the International Committee of the Red Cross and a member of the Afghan Nation, was killed in Peshawar Paksnan due to his political affiliation.
 (h) On 12 Sanbla 1368 (September 3, 1989), Abdul Fattah Wadud, an employee of the World Food Program in Peshawar, disappeared after leaving his office to meet with a member of Hizb-e-Islami, and later his body was found in the outskirts of Peshawar.
 (i) On 28 Sanblah 1368 (September 19, 1989), an armed man tried to kill the director of Malali Girls' School, which is named after a similar institution in Kabul. to kill But the school principal managed to escape.
 (j) In 1368 (October 1989), Shah Mohammad Bezgar, a doctor of an international organization, along with three of his colleagues, was killed in an ambush in Kandahar.
 (k) In October 1989 (October 1989), Engineer Attaullah, a former employee of the Ministry of Communications in Kabul, was arrested by ISI and killed by Hizb-e-Islami.
 (l) In 1368 (November 1989), Abdul Qayyum, a member of Shola Javed Maoist organization, was shot in Peshawar.
 (m) In Haft Hamal 1369 (March 1990), armed men shot dead Dr. Sadat Shagiwal, the head of the Afghanistan Relief Organization.
 (n) In Thor 1369 (May 1990), Malali, a female nurse at Dr. Ehsan Khatak's clinic in Peshawar, along with 12 other people were kidnapped by Hizb-e-Islami (Hikmatyar). Their bodies, which were also sexually assaulted, were found two weeks later in the suburbs of Peshawar while they were dismembered.
 (Q) From Gemini to Cancer 1370 (August to November 1991) Seyyed Osman Mirni, member of the Afghan nation, Dr. Abdul Zamani, director of the Austrian Relief Committee, engineer Azizullah and Abdul Rahim Zai, employees of the International Rescue Committee, survived the terrorist ambush.
 (S) In 1372 (December 1993), Wali Khan Karukhil, a military member of the National Front, led by Syed Ahmad Gilani, was assassinated in Peshawar, Pakistan. The northern commander, who was also from Crookhil, was killed at the same time. Abdul Hakim Katwazi, a member of the Afghan National Unity and Understanding Council, was assassinated in Peshawar in November 1995. In the same month, Wali Wazir Muhammad was killed in Hayatabad, Peshawar. Four armed men killed Dr. Naheed Azmat, who ran a private clinic in Jaluzi camp, along with his assistant Mrs. Razia Shafaq. What you read above is just an example of these cases.
46- Many of these threats, murders and disappearances happened with complete impunity in Pakistan. Pakistani authorities have not prosecuted anyone in connection with these crimes. This issue shows the complicity policy of this country, especially ISI, in the violations committed by these groups in the territory of Pakistan.
47- The murders reported from Pakistan should not be a cover for the larger number of assassinations, disappearances and kidnappings that have happened in Afghanistan and have never been reported. The files of the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan are gradually filled with cases of human rights violations inside Afghanistan.

Q) Attacking civilian targets and terrorist acts

48- In the years 1368 and 1969 (1989-90), it was reported that the amount of committing terrorist acts and the scale of attacks against civilian targets by the armed opposition has increased. The government officials provided the number of casualties to the United Nations Special Representative, which according to them, is the result of actions attributed to the opposition forces. 3954 civilians were killed and 5201 were injured.
49- The targeting of civilians increased, the government forces tried to target mainly military targets, but the opposition forces opened fire and committed terrorist acts without distinguishing between military and civilian targets. The burning of cities and public places such as markets, national bus stations, mosques and schools had caused the death of thousands of civilians.
50- In two reports presented to the General Assembly by the special rapporteur of the United Nations, terrorist acts were investigated, which were attributed to the intervening forces in Afghanistan. But now there are resistance forces who are committing terrorist acts against personalities and national interests inside Afghanistan.
51- After National Security Order No. 166 of the United States of America, it is claimed that the CIA distributed "dual-use" weapons to the Mujahideen. The meaning of two uses refers to weapons that are used both to attack military targets and to commit terrorist acts. Steve Cole... In the presence of General Akhtar Abdul Rahman, the head of Pakistan's intelligence organization announced for the Mujahideen, with more pressure on the Soviets and Afghan communists in Kabul and its surroundings, Kabul should burn. "
52 - After the National Security Order 166 of the United States of America and the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan, CIA and ISI took over the control of Mujahideen operations in order to put more pressure on the strongholds of the ruling regime in order to enable them to capture the cities. And in 1368 and 1970 (1989-1991) they attacked the cities of Jalalabad, Kabul and Kandahar. The United Nations Special Rapporteur, in his report to the General Assembly in 1367 (1988), considered the military tactics that the Mujahideen were forced to implement as a result of the pressure of the United States and Pakistan, as acts of terrorism.
53 - Some Mujahideen representatives in an interview with the Human Rights Monitoring Organization say, "The ISI of Pakistan's intelligence agency pressured the commanders stationed around Kabul and other major cities of Afghanistan to carry out more rocket attacks on residential areas in exchange for money." . A tactic that one source called "mercenary war". In this tactic, each commander received 20,000 kaldars, equivalent to 1,000 US dollars, from the ISI for each attack. Each commander earns more money with more attacks and casualties. Photogapi Human Rights Organization has obtained a report that was submitted to the ISI authorities by Amir Seyyed Ahmed, a commander affiliated with Sayyaf from Deh Sabz district. In this report, Commander Seyyed Ahmad describes the two-hour attack on Kabul, during which 14 Sekker-20 rockets were fired and 35 people were killed, and he confirms the receipt of money.

Kabul, Nangarhar:
54- Within eighteen months after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1367 (February 1989), Western aid workers living in Kabul stated that at least 2,100 civilians were killed and 5,000 others were injured. Reporters of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization in Cancer, Asad and Sanblah 1369 reported that daily about twelve to twenty M42-M46 rockets that spread between 42 and 86 anti-personnel bombs hit the city of Kabul. The explosion of each bomb from these rockets would have caused the death or injury of one person, as a result of that rain of rockets, tens of thousands of civilians were killed and injured.
55 - In Mizan/Aqrab 1369 (early October 1990), a number of jihadi commanders under the orders of ISI launched a major rocket attack against Kabul, as a result of which 288 civilians were killed and the rocket rain on the city continued.
56 - The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Afghanistan Affairs, Felix Ermako, said in his report for the month of Mizan 1369 (October 1990) to the United Nations Headquarters. During the Mojahedin rocket attacks from Mizan to Akrab 1368 (March and August 1990), 4771 civilians were killed and 11756 civilians were injured in Kabul city.

Kandahar:
57- Civilian casualties as a result of Mojahedin rocket attacks in Kandahar city at the end of 1368 (1989-90) were more than casualties in the war zone. The Mujahideen belonging to the Sayyaf alliance and Hizb-e-Islami Hekmatyar fired 50 to 150 rockets at the city daily or every other day, as a result of which 50 civilians were killed and 100 were injured in just one day.
Do residential areas. A tactic that one source called "mercenary war". Each commander received 20,000 kaldars, equivalent to 1,000 US dollars, from the ISI for each attack. Each commander earns more money with more attacks and casualties. Human Rights Organization has obtained a photocopy of a report that was submitted to the ISI authorities by Amir Seyyed Ahmad, a commander affiliated with Sayyaf from Deh Sabz district. In this report, Commander Seyed Ahmad describes the two-hour attack on Kabul, during which 14 Sekker-20 rockets were fired and 35 people were killed, and he confirms the receipt of money.
The years 1368 (1989-90) were more than the casualties of the war zone. The Mujahideen belonging to the Islamic Sayyaf Union and Hizb-e-Islami Hekmatyar fired 50 to 150 rockets at the city daily or every other day, and in one day these attacks killed 50 civilians and wounded 100 people.

k) Revenge, executions without trial, rape and trafficking of women

58 - Reports of crimes committed by the resistance forces in Kunar, Kunduz and Nangarhar provinces, documented by film and photos, show that the resistance forces sexually assaulted about one hundred women who were public service employees in these provinces. killed Also mentioned in the report, the resistance forces brutally beheaded the captives and took the women as hostages and took them abroad.