Where did the crime start?

Since the beginning of the political life of their country, the people of Afghanistan have witnessed wars, military campaigns, bloodshed, violations of human rights and war crimes. The process of crime against humanity has continued until today and will continue until the unknown tomorrow. Now we give a brief overview of the biggest war and political crimes, violations of people's basic rights and their agents in the country from the beginning of Afghanistan's political history to the 1357 Haft Thor coup.
During his reign, Amir Abdul Rahman Khan for the first time deprived the people of the right to walk and move and imposed domestic and foreign passports on the people.
After 1880, the plans of Amir Abd al-Rahman Khan's government faced the opposition of the Khans, mullahs and rebellious and powerful ethnic leaders who had great power. In order to suppress and teach the bullies and other rebellious groups of the law and implement the plans of his government, he started a stream of blood by killing one hundred thousand people, which left a terrible effect in history. Among other bloody events during the reign of Amir Abdul Rahman Khan, the suppression of the constitutional movement, the hanging and the imprisonment of members of this movement can be counted. The members of the constitutional movement wanted to establish a government under the supervision of the nation and within the framework of constitutionalism, in which there is Islamic consultation and parliamentary elections.
After the death of Amir Habibullah, his third son Shahzade Amanullah Khan took the throne in 1919 by announcing the independence of Afghanistan and promising the people reforms. Amanullah Khan was an extraordinary person with understanding and alertness and he wished progress for Afghanistan. Amanullah Khan made great and very serious reforms in various fields. He, who wanted to act on a legal system, determined and approved the criminal law.
The approval of the new law was met with negative reactions in the south of the country. In 1304, corresponding to 1925 AD, a number of mullahs in the Mangal tribe of Paktia province started a rebellion and spread it to Logar. . Mullah Lang, the leader of the rebels, was executed with 25 of his accomplices after being captured in Kabul, and a number of others were exiled to northern Afghanistan. The second rebellion took place in 1928 instigated by some intellectual Afghans and the British, which led to the downfall of Shah Amanullah Khan's government. The fall of Shah Aman Khan can be traced in two parts.
Four years after the Mangal rebellion in Paktia province, British supporters and Nader Shah's and his brother's desire for power tightened the circle of pressure on Amanullah Khan. Amanullah Khan, who was in a difficult situation, was trying to create a union between Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey to be a third force against the expansion of the population of Soviet Russia and England. These efforts made both superpowers suspicious of Aman Khan Allah Khan and they thought of overthrowing the king. Of course, the British were ahead of the Soviets by their Afghan supporters....
But some people believe that the downfall of the Shah was due to people's anger towards the Shah due to his friendship with the Soviet Union. According to Ustad Khalilullah Khalili in his book Afghanistan in the 20th century, the Shah's friendship with Russia angered the people and led to an uprising. At the head of these uprisings was a simple and illiterate person from the north of Kabul named Habibullah Kalkani known as Bacha Saqa.
On January 19, 1929, after the escape of Shah Amanullah Khan and the reign of his brother Inayatullah for three days, Habibullah Kalkani assumed the position of king as "Amir Habibullah, servant of the religion of the Messenger of Allah", and for the first time, power was removed from the Pashtuns of Durrani. . Amanullah Khan went to Kandahar province to start his fight against Habibullah Khan.
Amir Habibullah Kalkani faced resistance from the very beginning of his reign. On the one hand, he faced the attacks of Shah Amanullah from Kandahar and his supporters, General Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi from Mazar-e-Sharif and Shuja-ud-Daulah from Herat, and on the other hand, he had to fight with the forces of Governor Ali Ahmad Khan from the east and General Nader Khan from the south. But it was the general Nader Khan who, with the help of the British, removed the opponents one after another from the battlefield. Shah Aman Khan left the country forever in April 1929 and went to Italy. His loyal friends like General Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi also gave up the battle. With these developments, the scene became empty for the former minister of war, Lieutenant General Nader Khan, and his forces, which were formed on the other side of the border (Pakistan), were able to capture Kabul and make Habibullah Kalkani flee to his hometown. British aid, which included cash and Indian weapons, increased to strengthen Nader Khan's government, and Nader Khan used the opportunity to settle his account with Habibullah Kalkani. He sent a delegation to Habibullah and invited him to give up resistance and promised to pardon him and his companions in the margin of the Quran. But after Habibullah Khan's surrender, he and two of his peers were executed in front of the grass by order of Nader Khan.
Amanullah Khan is very popular among the people of Afghanistan for achieving the independence of Afghanistan and his development plans. But his power force forced him to take military action against Nader Khan. The supporters of Amaniyah organized the assembly in the company of Amanullah Khan, Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi, Mahmoud Tarzi, Ghulam Siddiq Khan, etc. in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. In this assembly, they were considering the plan of how to send Ghulam Nabi Khan to Kabul by Shah Wali Khan. In front of Nader Khan, he started plotting and taking revenge. According to Dr. Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai, as a result of distrust between the intellectuals who supported the former Shah and Nader Khan, a big clash occurred, and most of the intellectuals were executed. Shah Amanullah Khan's supporters responded to the executions and arrests, especially after the murder of Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi and his family, and took the path of revenge and assassination, and in the first step, Muhammad Aziz, the elder brother of Nader Khan, was killed in Berlin, Germany. And later, Nader Khan himself was killed by Abdul Khaliq, a student of Nejat High School, which was the climax of these assassinations. Abdul Khaliq, the killer of Nader Khan, was arrested by government forces and brutally killed with a bayonet in the city of Kabul along with some of his colleagues.
After the murder of Nadershah, his nineteen-year-old son Muhammad Zahir was chosen as the king. Although Mohammad Zahir Shah was officially the king, the real power was in the hands of the Shah's brothers, headed by the chancellor, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan. After the murder of his brothers (Mohammed Aziz and Nader Khan), Sardar Mohammad Hashem started enmity against the nation and started a kind of revenge against the nation and suppressed the opponents of his government without noise.
In 1946, as a result of international pressure, there was a change in the political structure of Afghanistan. Shah Mahmood Khan replaced Hashim Khan in power and a new era began in Afghanistan, which some call the era of democracy. Freedom of expression and freedom of political activities are signs of democracy in this period. In this period, a new generation of intellectuals emerged and established new relationships with the people. These intellectuals were talking about constitutionalism and others who were known as moderate intellectuals were thinking of a peaceful revolution and for this purpose they established a new government party called the National Club under the chairmanship of Shamsuddin Majroh and Sardar Mohammad Daud. Khan was also a member of this party at first, but later withdrew from it.
The new era of democracy was short-lived. Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan entered the cabinet of Sardar Shah Mahmood Khan and wanted to stop the demands of the youth and started his work by confiscating the newspaper Neda Khalq which was the publishing organ of the youth movement organization and destroying the student union.
The lack of a common language between the intellectuals and the government regarding freedom of speech and democracy was the main reason for the government's withdrawal from the given freedoms, and in response, the opposition groups launched a large march with the participation of tens of thousands of Kabul citizens. He suppressed the protests and imprisoned the opposition leaders.
The test of democracy failed and the intellectuals turned to radical ideas and were divided into intellectual groups, which in the following years provided the basis for the current tragedy in Afghanistan, especially the dependence of the leftist groups on external powers.
After the end of World War II, the Cold War pitted East and West against each other, and small countries also had to find their place in the new world system. In such a situation, Mohammad Daud Khan, the son of Mohammad Zahir Shah's uncle, took power as the chancellor. He gave priority to the development of Afghanistan's economic infrastructure and planned a five-year plan for this purpose, but he never started political reforms. He always relied on the system of the will of the individual over the nation, he was patriotic but anti-democracy and anti-democracy.
Although Daud Khan's government had many economic achievements and success in attracting foreign support, it faced a dead end in the late fifties and the reason was the lack of coordination in a private letter written by Daud Khan in the title of the Shah. Economic and social developments were mentioned.
Dawood Khan agreed to step down after ten years as chancellor. The resignation of Muhammad Daud Khan created an opportunity for the king to take charge of affairs for the first time and establish a kind of constitutional system in the country. The need for transformation in the country and the drafting of a new constitution had been felt for a long time. The understanding of these issues led to the establishment of the government headed by Dr. Yusuf. One of the basic tasks of Dr. Yusuf's government was to form a committee to renew the country's constitution. This committee wrote the new constitution and the Loya Jirga, which was held in Kabul in the summer of 1964, approved it. One year after the adoption of the constitution, the elections of the twelfth term of the council were held without government intervention in an open political environment.
approved it. One year after the adoption of the constitution, the elections of the twelfth term of the council were held without government intervention in an open political environment. After the commencement of the twelfth round of the Shura in October 1965, the Shah re-nominated Dr. Muhammad Yusuf as Chancellor. According to the new constitution of the country, the chancellor should be elected to this position only after obtaining the vote of confidence of the majority of council representatives. The election of the new chancellor and his cabinet in the Shura on October 25, 1965 or the third of Scorpio in 1344 was accompanied by a bloody conflict between the security forces and demonstrators, headed by Babrak Carmel and his supporters. After receiving a vote of confidence from the parliament, Dr. Yusuf became the prime minister for the second time, but due to the tension in the country's political atmosphere after the third Scorpion demonstration, he was forced to resign and the Shah appointed Mohammad Hashim Mivandwal, who was the press minister in the previous cabinet. Appointed as chancellor.
The new constitution of 1964 raised many hopes inside and outside of Afghanistan. But to consolidate such a system, it was necessary to entrust the administration of affairs to people who believed in the constitution. According to Seyyed Qasim "Rashtia" in the book Afghanistan in the 20th century, entrusting the enforcement period of the constitution to people who voted against the constitution and took a position was a big mistake that affected all issues after that. The first two chancellors who took office after this period. They expressed their opposition to the new constitution in writing.
While the new constitution was approved and there was no party law, semi-secret parties, including the Afghan People's Democratic Party, were working against the Shahi regime and the Shah's government tolerated them. Simultaneously with the emergence and intensification of the activities of the People's Party, Sholeh Javid and Afghan Mellat, in the late 1960s, the Islamic Movement also began to operate. The emergence of this movement was a reaction against the left (communist) groups.
Mohammad Hashim Miwandwal resigned from his position after two years in November 1967 and was replaced by Noor Ahmad Etamadi, Etamadi was also forced to resign after three and a half years.
In the third year of Etamidi's rule, the clerics protested against the policies of the government, including the publication of a poem by Baragh Shafi'i in praise of Lenin, the Bolshevik revolutionary leader of Russia, and sat in the Pulakhshti Mosque in Kabul and sent a delegation to the king. The king rejected all their requests and said: I am safe. I am not Allah Khan to leave the country.
In May 1971, Dr. Abdulzaher took charge of affairs after the resignation of Noor Ahmad Etamadi from the post of chancellor. But this government was forced to resign after a year and a half due to drought and economic problems, and the Shah chose Musa Shafiq as the prime minister. The program of Musa Shafiq's government was more aimed at restoring order internally and at establishing a balance in relations with the Soviet Union and the West.
Musa Shafiq started his work by resolving disputes with Iran in the field of water sharing of the Hirmand River. In this case, in 1972, they signed the Hirmand water sharing agreement with Amir Abbas "Hoida", the Prime Minister of Iran, and ended the hundred years of Hirmand water disputes. But the opposition groups created a united front against the government's action under the pretext of national interest and accused the government of selling the country.
On July 17, 1973, Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan ended the two-hundred-year history of the monarchy in Afghanistan with a bloodless coup. According to Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan, the regime's incorrigibility and corruption was the main reason for his action against Nizam Shah. But historians and political experts consider the second factor of this coup to be the expansion of the population of the Soviet intelligence organization in Afghanistan. A claim that has always been denied by the Russians.
The coup plotters who helped Dawood Khan overthrow the Shah were mostly people who were trained in the Soviet Union and were introduced to communist ideas there. Most of these officers belonged to the military group of the flag wing of the People's Democratic Party and some of them belonged to the People's Wing. Among them were some leftist independent officers and some supporters of Mohammad Daud Khan.
Although the People's Democratic Party and part of the conservatives welcomed the establishment of the republican system, Islamic parties, leftist groups not affiliated with the Moscow line, and some supporters of the royal system slowly rose up to oppose the new regime. In addition, if the Soviet Union supported the new system,
Iran, Pakistan and the United States of America considered the victory of the coup as the cause of the disruption of the difficult balance that was created during the Cold War in this sensitive region of the world.
Two months after the victory of the coup, the government accused Pakistan of interfering in Afghanistan's internal affairs. He arrested some of the personalities of the previous regime. Among those arrested were the former Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maywandwal and former senior generals, Khan Mohammad known as the deputy and Abdul Razzaq, the commander of the air force during the time of the Shah, and a number of parliament lawyers and high-ranking officers. This group, as Dr. Mohammad Hassan Sharq said, was accused by Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan of conspiring to overthrow the regime. In the subsequent investigations, the arrested soldiers admitted that they had decided to stage a coup. In addition, during the inspection of Maulana Seefur Rahman's house, letters addressed to Pakistani officials and showing their connection to Pakistan's intelligence agency were obtained.
The July coup broke the spell of silence. In the following months of this year (1353), the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan decided to stage a coup, but their plan was discovered and its leaders were either arrested or fled to Pakistan. Burhanuddin Rabbani, Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf, Maulvi Habibur Rahman and some senior officials of Urdu were among the people who were either on the run or were arrested by the then government. Some of them later managed to reach Pakistan.
The leaders and activists of the Islamic movement were welcomed and supported by the government and the intelligence agency of that country after they fled to Pakistan. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government, by using these young people who called Sardar Muhammad Daud Khan's government a communist government, had gained a golden opportunity to get rid of Afghanistan, which has now become a Cold War battlefield, and Pakistan's long-time enemy Muhammad Daud Khan in Kabul. take revenge
The failed coup d'état of 1973-1974 and the 1975 rebellion of Islamic groups with the help of Pakistan's intelligence agency in the provinces of Badakhshan, Panjshir and Laghman faced Dawood Khan's government with an undeclared war.
The campaign of the Islamic groups was part of a regional secret operation against the Daud Khan regime. In this operation, the governments of Iran, Pakistan, with the help of the United States of America, jointly started their campaign against the Soviet influence in Afghanistan.
The strategy of putting pressure on Mohammad Daud Khan was effective. He was once considered the champion of the preacher of Pashtunistan. He prepared to negotiate and compromise with Pakistan. Accordingly, in the middle of 1976, the leaders of Afghanistan and Pakistan visited each other's countries.
The closeness with Pakistan and especially the strengthening of relations with Iran caused the concern of the Soviet government, especially the intelligence organization of this country, and the question was raised before the Soviet government about which direction Dawood Khan is going. The Shah of Iran's expansionist policies worried the Soviet Union more than ever.
The government of Iran had a significant population in Turkey, Pakistan and India and wanted to include Afghanistan in this circle, therefore it has strengthened its relations with the government of Kabul and loaned two billion dollars for the development programs of the government. Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan promised. With these aids, Iran replaced the Soviet Union as the first donor to Afghanistan. All this meant that the Soviets lost their influence in Afghanistan and Afghanistan could become an anti-Soviet base.
On his return from Iran in May, June 1975, while giving a speech in Herat city, Dawood Khan condemned "imported ideology" in the country. These statements were a clear reference to the pro-Soviet groups that had played a key role in bringing Mohammad Dawood to power. In mid-1975, Mohammad Daud Khan made the final decision to purge the government of leftist elements by dismissing three ministers and 240 Soviet-educated officers. Purging the government of leftist groups was a fateful move both for the government of Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan and for the leftist forces.
With the new policies of Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan, the political atmosphere between Kabul and Moscow was more tense than ever. Meanwhile, the Afghan government accused the Soviet Union of supporting leftist groups in the country. A claim that has always been denied by the Soviets.
While the Soviet intelligence organization continued to support the leftist groups in Afghanistan. Daud Khan thought that these parties were not worthy of ruling in Afghanistan from the point of view of Moscow, therefore he ignored them and consolidated his power too much and established the Loya Jirga, which consisted mostly of supporters of the government. This Loya Jirga approved the country's new constitution and elected Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan to the position of president, who apparently was not even a candidate.
The new constitution of the country was an alarm for the people's groups and the flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. With the establishment of a one-party government, there was no place for them, so the members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan prepared themselves for the final battle to bring down the system.
After the approval of the constitution and his election as the first president of Afghanistan, Dawood Khan traveled to the Soviet Union for the second time in mid-April 1977. The main purpose of his trip to the Soviet Union was to discuss the activities of the two groups, the Flag and the People, which had the support of the Soviet Union. President Daud Khan's visit had negative consequences. In the negotiations that took place between the leaders of the two countries. The President of the Soviet Republic addressed the President of Afghanistan and said that: The presence of western engineers in Afghanistan causes dissatisfaction of the Soviet Union. ” I ask you to make yourself one of these experts that for They have come to defend the interests of imperialism. set free " On the other hand, Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan, the President of the Republic of Afghanistan, gave a sharp and clear answer to his Soviet counterpart: We will never allow you to give orders to us in the administration of our country and who we should employ in Afghanistan. How and where we hire foreign experts is the exclusive right of the Afghan government. If necessary, Afghanistan will remain poor. But he will be free in his actions and decisions.
Daoud Khan's reaction considering the Soviet doubts about Daoud Khan's tendency to the right will cost dearly for the fate of the regime.
After the situation between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan. President Daud Khan traveled to rich Arab countries, Eastern Europe, India and Pakistan in search of new political allies and other sources of help. These efforts finally forced Moscow to use all its means to take steps towards the downfall of Dawood Khan's regime.
In the Soviet Union, there were changes in that country's policy towards Afghanistan, and as the relations between Moscow and Kabul became cold, the pro-Soviet groups distanced themselves from Mohammad Daud Khan and became closer to the Soviet Union. In the meantime, there were two different policies in the faction of the People's Democratic Party in dealing with the regime of Mohammad Daud Khan, the policy of cooperation and coalition that Mir Akbar Khyber wanted and the policy of Babrak Carmel to fight against the regime. But this group took the path of fighting against Dawood Khan in its second conference. In this conference, criticism was made of one of the factions within the flag faction led by Mir Akbar Khyber who believed in supporting and supporting the regime of Muhammad Daud Khan and even merging the flag faction into Daud Khan's Ghorzang National Party (National Revolution Party). In the conference, there were two factions, one led by Babrak Carmel and the other led by Mir Akbar Khyber, on how to deal with the Daud Khan regime. But the basic decision was that it was unanimously approved in the conference that the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan should be an alternative to the Mohammad Daud Khan government in the future. It was clear from the text of the resolution that the regime of Mohammad Daud Khan should be overthrown.
The strategy of overthrowing Dawood Khan's regime, which the leaders of both the Flag and People's groups put forward, brought the necessity of their reunification. The political expediency of the day, historical necessities and the long negotiations that took place with the mediation of the Soviet Union are among the other factors of this unity, a unity that many did not believe in.
Unity of flag and people was limited to civilian organizations, not military organizations. First, Mir Akbar Khyber, the military officer of the flag faction, and later Noor Ahmed Noor took this responsibility. However, the military organization of Jinnah Khalq, which was less known, operated under the supervision of Hafizullah Amin.
The 1973 coup drew the attention of all political groups in Afghanistan to the role of the army in political games. The Khalq group, whose main rival, Muhammad Daud Khan, had surpassed it by participating in the coup, began extensive work in the army after 1973, which aimed to He was preparing to seize power.
The other most important issue that led to the 1978 coup in Kabul and which few people knew about was the competition between the Central Intelligence Agency (KG) of the Soviet Union and the Intelligence Organization of the Soviet Army (GRU) in Afghanistan. The Soviet Intelligence Organization with part of the Afghan military led by Hafiz Allah Amin was associated in the Afghan army, while KGB was more associated with the civilian section led by Mir Akbar Khyber in the Afghan government. One was the 7th Thor coup itself and the second was the circumstances that led to the intervention of the Soviet army and the occupation of Afghanistan.
While the army had become a recruiting ground for political groups. President Daud Khan was unaware of this fact and did not evaluate the strength of the opposition correctly. According to historians, Daud Khan made two mistakes at this point in time, his mistake inside was that he underestimated the strength of his enemies in the army and especially in the People's Party faction of the People's Democratic Party. They could not launch a coup and kill him and his family. Another mistake he made was to allow relations with the Soviet Union to become too strained.
Meanwhile, the political situation in the country was becoming more tense day by day and the crisis between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan had reached its peak. Mirakbar Khyber, a theoretician and one of the leaders of the People's Democratic Party, was murdered, and an estimated fifteen thousand supporters of the party, including Taraki and Karmel, the leaders of the People's Democratic Party, participated in a show of power at the funeral and burial ceremony of Khyber, and during political speeches, They invited Dawood Khan's government to fight and said that they will take revenge for every drop of Khyber blood. These words were a declaration of war against President Daud Khan, and on the other hand, it was the beginning of a disaster with no end in sight.
The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan was the most important, most organized and comprehensive communist political party in Afghanistan, which seized political power by carrying out the 7th Thor coup in 1357 and the crisis that led to the destruction of Afghanistan's political, economic and social structures and its consequences. It is still ongoing.
This crisis finally led to the complete collapse of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan in 1371. The first communist nucleus that led to the establishment of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan was formed in 1342 in Kabul. Noor Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karmel, Mohammad Tahir Badakhshi, Mir Gholam Mohammad Ghbar, Siddiqullah Rohi, Mohammad Ali Zahma, Mir Akbar Khyber and Dr. Abdul Hadi Mahmoudi were among the main communist members of the aforementioned party, which was called "Sarparast Committee". . In 1345, the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party was expanded and the political bureau of the Central Committee was formed consisting of Turki, Carmel, Badakhshi, Panjshiri, Kashtmand and Shah Vali, and at the same time the difference between Turki and Carmel increased and the People's Democratic Party split into two factions. People and flags were divided. On the eve of the split, the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party had 9 main members and 10 alternate members. In the spring of 1346, the Carmel faction made public the split in the People's Democratic Party by publishing a magazine called "Parkham". After that, the Turkic faction became known as the Khalkis and the Carmel faction became known as the Parkhamis. On 12 Thor 1345, these two separate parties formed an alliance and again continued their work under the title of Afghan People's Democratic Party.
The day after the murder of Mirakbar Khyber, Hafizullah Amin put the members of the Khalq Jinnah military organization on alert and assigned specific duties to all the military officials, which is an extraordinary situation and it is possible that the regime intends to attack the party or wants to. to imprison the leaders of the party and entrusted Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zovi Khurd, an officer and mechanic in the air force, with specific duties that if the leaders are imprisoned or if the military organization itself is imprisoned, he should take political power.
The display of power of the People's Democratic Party made Dawood Khan, who was shocked by the murder of Khyber, very angry.
On the evening of April 25, 1978, Radio Afghanistan announced the arrest of some leaders of the People's Democratic Party, including Noor Mohammad Taraki and Babrak Karmel. But some other leaders were either detained in their homes or hidden. In the meantime, Hafizullah Amin, the military leader of the People's faction, was under surveillance at his home. He had enough time from midnight on April 25th to 11:00 a.m. on April 26th to send the order and plan of military action by his son Abdul Rahman to Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zovi. Liaise with the officers responsible for the coup. Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zvi, who was in charge of the armed forces department, delivered the order of the party to all ground and air units by one o'clock in the morning, that whoever reached his unit should start the revolution in the morning.
Jagran Aslam Watanjar was the leader of the coup in the armored forces department, and Lt. Col. Abdul Qadir was in charge of the air forces. Lt. Col. Abdul Qadir, the commander of the air force, on the evening of April 26th (Sixth of Thor) prepared his network of officers for action and gave orders at eight o'clock in the morning, when it would be the seventh of Thor, according to the plan that had been prepared earlier. act
Accordingly, on the morning of April 27, 1978, according to Haft Thor 1357, a military uprising against Daud Khan began. The coup plotters took advantage of the weakness of the army command. The mistakes of General Gholam Haider Rasouli, the Minister of Defense, were an important factor in the victory of the coup. Heydar Rasouli on the night when the leaders of Parkhom and Khalq factions were arrested and imprisoned. That morning he ordered all military units to disarm. While the country's army should have been on standby.
The military affiliated to the People's Democratic Party won the coup and the assassination of President Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan put an end to the republican system. The day after the coup, the Revolutionary Military Council took over the leadership of the country. Deputy General Abdul Qadir and Jagran Mohammad Aslam Watanjar were at the head of this council.
But Hafizullah Amin, the number two man and the military officer of the People's Group, was in command. Thor's coup was announced at the beginning of a revolution that was supposed to change the Afghan society from the roots. The slogan of bread, goods, home, equality and justice was emblazoned everywhere on the walls and roads.
The People's regime wanted to destroy the old Afghanistan by implementing social and economic reforms. But the extremism and excesses of the reforms and the non-observance of the traditions and beliefs of the people caused widespread dissatisfaction among different groups.
Although the reforms could create a basis for understanding between the government and other intellectual groups, extremism, tyrannical tendencies and violence also put right and left intellectuals in front of the regime.
Since the day after the coup, the regime considered consolidating power as its most important task. To achieve this goal, the policy of repression and terror was placed on the agenda of the government. Mass arrests began in early 1978 and reached their peak the following year. In Kabul, in addition to the members of the royal family, the arrest of political activists of various groups, including members of the Islamic Movement, Maoists, members of the Afghan Nation group, and other groups began.
In addition, social groups such as students, professors, army officers, government employees, leaders of some ethnic groups who had revolted against the government. They were mainly the target of government arrests and attacks. But outside of Kabul, ethnic and religious elders and ordinary people were the victims of repressions. After being arrested, the victims were either sent to the famous Polcharkhi Polygon slaughterhouse or to Polcharkhi prison. Dehmezang prison, prison of the National Security Directorate or Kam in Dar Ses Derek and Grand Chancellery and hundreds of houses and offices were other places where the arrested were imprisoned and tortured.
Violence and pressure caused resistance. Although at the beginning, the resistance was limited, but slowly the fire of rebellion and rebellion flared up in the rural areas, where the representatives of the government and young people were in front of the people and their customs and traditions. With the beginning of internal resistance, religious scholars and young people affiliated with the Islamic movement, who had concentrated in the neighboring country of Pakistan before the 1357 coup d'état and started armed campaigns against the government of Muhammad Daud Khan, created resistance outside the border and tried to lead and take control of popular uprisings.
The resistance against the communist regime began without a unified national leadership. Islamic groups and their affiliated officers, Maoist activists and intellectuals and ethnic leaders in the neighborhoods led the first rebellions and armed uprisings against the government of Noor Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin.
In the battle with the government forces, the resistance forces purged the points under their control from the existence of government employees, both military and civilians, and especially people who were suspected of being communists or collaborating with communists, and the suspected people were sent to prison without trial. They tortured and executed in a terrible way so that the resistance forces could roam freely.
Then the disconnection between the city and the village started by cutting off the telephone and destroying the bridges. When the weapons got into the hands of the resistance forces, they attacked the government cars and vehicles that traveled between the city and the village, and thus either destroyed or seized these vehicles, and their occupants, who were mostly people Property owners, soldiers and civil servants were arrested or killed.
The next stage was the beginning of attacks on government administrative units in the villages.
On the other hand, the government forces responded to the attacks of the resistance forces by chasing and bombing enemy positions, which were mostly in residential areas. As the scope of the war expanded, the number of dead, wounded and disabled people increased. Meanwhile, the pressure of the war forced millions of people to leave their homes and go to Pakistan and Iran.
We came as we read. The history of Afghanistan shows various crimes against humanity, and according to Dod Noorani, an expert on Afghanistan's political issues, its peak began with the Haft Thor coup.

Noorani gave
"If you refer to the history of Afghanistan. We can see that many crimes have happened in Afghanistan before the Haft Thor coup. But if we look at the contemporary crimes of Afghanistan, what we call mass murder and aggression against humanity in Afghanistan is after the coup of Haft Thor, which took place in a unique way in the country. The first massacre that we consider a very heinous crime is the massacre of more than a thousand people in Kerala by the then government. The massacre of more than 20,000 people in 24 Huts in Herat province and then the murder of 13,000 people during the rule of Nur Mohammad Turki, most of whom were educated and intellectuals, and the day Hafizullah Amin came to power, their list was hung on the gate of the Ministry of Interior. and practically took responsibility for this massacre.
In fact, we see the beginning of all these crimes after the coup d'état on 7th Thor and reached its peak with the arrival of the Russians to Afghanistan on 6th Jeddi, as a result of which more than a million Afghan citizens were martyred until the Russians left in 1988. The massacres and massacres of this period of Afghanistan's history are very wide and widespread, which cannot be compared with the massacres before the Haft Thor coup.
Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zvi, one of the first rank officers of the coup d'etat on 7 th of 1357, by accepting the violation of human rights and crimes against humanity during the rule of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, considers the coup of 7 th of thur an imposed act by Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan.

Gulab Zoi
"I was personally one of the activists of the coup d'etat on 7 th of 1357, but the coup was imposed on us. Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan himself motivated the coup for members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. We did not decide to stage a coup. Khyber, one of the leaders of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan was killed by an unknown group in Kabul. The government of Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan did not arrest the perpetrators of his murder. And we buried Khyber's body, but while burying Khyber's body, the members of the party swore that they would take revenge for Khyber's murder. This angered Sardar Daud Khan and he decided to attack the party leadership and the person of Taraki Sahib and kill him. throw him in prison and he did this, and this became the motivation of the revolution to overthrow Sardar Daud Khan's regime, but the martyr Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan was a very patriotic and nationalist person of Afghanistan. But he was unable to implement the plans and promises he had given to the people of Afghanistan, and he had a very weak cabinet. "
Q: Isn't it a crime if a government system is destroyed by a military coup due to the imprisonment of one or more people?

Gulab Zoi
"The number of party members being imprisoned or killed was not important, the life of the whole party was in danger, the party was very important to all of us. When we found out that 300 members of the party, of which I was the 14th member, by order of Sardar Daud Khan They will be imprisoned and it is possible that they will be executed, we had to defend ourselves."
Q: Defending the party with a military coup caused millions of people to be killed and injured in the country and millions of other people to emigrate from the country. Will the national unity of Shiraz be destroyed and the conditions for military and political interventions of foreign countries will be favorable?
"I said, firstly, the revolution was imposed on us, and secondly, the foreign countries that have military forces in Afghanistan today, especially Iran and Pakistan, with their obvious political and military interventions, caused the wars to start and escalate throughout the country, with material support. and Maani from a number of disaffected people of the country, they practically put a distance between our nation and spread the flame of war in all of Afghanistan. The Russians gave 800 million rubles a year to the Afghan government, and the enemies of the government received 2 billion dollars a year. So we understand how much they were able to expand the field of their armed activities with these two billion dollars of annual aid and the expansion of wars caused the destruction of the country, millions of our compatriots were killed and wounded. The spread of wars caused millions of people to migrate from the country. "
Terrorism and suffocation began with the killing of Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan and seventeen of his family members in the first days of the coup as a policy of intimidation and terror of the regime, and the harsh face, the horrible image and the fascist style of the government were shot with bullets. Without trial, Mohammad Musa Shafiq, Ghulam Haider Rasouli, Abdul Azizloi Darthiz, Abdul Ali Wardag, Wafiullah Samii, Vahid Abdullah, General Abdul Qadir, Salahuddin Ghazi, Ghulam Naqshbandi, Dashti, Deputy Minister of Interior and Khaled his secretary, both at the national level and at the international level. exposed and then hellish and endless persecutions and persecutions began. In order to better organize its policy of terror and suffocation, the government created a police organization called "Agsa" which had a special organization on the basis of the Directorate of Records of the Past, and appointed one of the hard-hearted and bloodthirsty figures named Asadullah Sarvari as its head. did
Soon after the coup, a revolutionary court was established, by which people were tried for the crime of activity against the government. Most of the political prisoners were arrested without any legal authorization and any contact with the outside was cut off and they simply disappeared. Of course, it should be said that not only Pargam fans were in danger. 74 women and children from the royal family were included among those caught. Over time, various groups of people such as religious leaders, civil servants, doctors, professors and other intellectuals who spoke for their interests were also sent to prison. Research centers were established in all parts of Kabul, and even the party soldiers who were still studying at school were allowed to participate in persecuting prisoners. According to the report of Amnesty International, electric shocks, whipping, pulling nails, etc. were tortures of the regime.
About 400 people were imprisoned in the days after the discovery of the so-called Eid conspiracy, and 250 others were executed. But other statistics show this number to be very high. According to the report of Amnesty International in 1978, the number of political prisoners was estimated at four thousand, and every night around fifty or a hundred of them were executed.
The family of Hazrat Mujadadi, a great cleric of the country, suffered the biggest losses in the first days of the coup when Seyyed Daud Tarun was the general commander of gendarmerie and police. they say. At night, he attacked Javad Castle and arrested all the men, women and children of Hazrat Shurbazar's family in Kabul and confiscated all their property. He killed the men of the family and transferred their women and children to Polcharkhi prison, and ordered the arrest of the members of the Mojadadi family's custody in all the provinces of the country and subjected them to repression and butchery.
The families of lawyer Nuristani, Muhammad Ismail Khan Gharzi, General Muhammad Safar Khan Gharzi and some famous people of Nuristan also find the same fate as Hazrat Mujaddi's family and they disappear one after the other.
The most famous killers and butchers of that period, whom people still remember with fear and horror, were the following people: Abdullah Amin, Hafizullah Amin's brother, Asadullah Amin, Hafizullah Amin's nephew and son-in-law, Asadullah Sarvari, Aziz Shirzada. Asadullah Sarwari, Seyed Mansoor Hashemi, Seyed Abdullah, the commander of Polcharkhi prison, Gholam Jilani, the head of logistics of the Ministry of Defense, Kabir Karvani, Torn Orang, Seyed Daud Tarun, and of course Amin himself, people said that Abdullah Amin was a man even in public and treated the people He was buried alive. Mohammad Ali, the bulldozer driver of Pol Khomri industrial institutes, expresses his vision like this.
From the stability of the Khumri bridge towards Baghlan, where the Hashim Khan bridge is located, past a plain called Baisqal on the right side, which was previously allocated for raising Qaraqol sheep and several rooms were built there for this purpose, by the order of Abdullah Amin, a large pit was dug by a bulldozer was dug where people were buried alive and I had to cover them with dirt. Those people ate salt like moors under the soil for long days. But I could not do anything because of fear. Seeing this horrible scene left a tremendous negative impact on me, until I worked as a famous crazy bulldozer for years and suffered severe illnesses.
Terrible stories and anecdotes of torturing opponents of the regime are on the tongue from that time until now. People said that Seyyed Mansour Hashemi was the murderer of Qahar, and Seyyed Abdullah, the commandant of Polcharkhi prison, inspired by the words of his leaders, tortured the prisoners and convicts, Kabir Karwani treated the people with ruthlessness and cruelty in Kandahar and Herat. He shot his victims. Torn Aurang, General Yunus and Abdul Khaliq Rafighi, the governor of Nangarhar, simply and easily killed him.
After Amin's political and party opponents, the Parkhamis, were completely pushed out of the scene, it was the turn of other sections of society. The scope of grabbing and hitting and closing was developed and various people from government officials to students and scholars, officers, soldiers, generals, merchants, shopkeepers, business people, persuaders, readers, influencers, landowners, etc. Or they were dragged to the police stations without any reason and after being physically and mentally tortured, they were sent to prisons or slaughterhouses. Or to Akhwan al-Shayatin, Sholayi, Satami, Afghan Melti, Samai and a thousand and one other names were thrown from the planes to the ground. Because Amin said. "Those who plot against us in the dark will be suppressed in the dark. They would enter people's houses at night in Kabul and other cities of the country in the name of effort, they would wake up the family members scared and trembling. They were interrogated with meaningless and humiliating questions. If someone spoke against their wishes or moved their lips, they would be beaten with fists, kicks, and the butt of a gun. It was asked, what is your relationship with someone? Yesterday at the hour.. where did you go? Where is the son of the family? Have you read these books? Zahir Shah's photo, Dawood Khan, why do you keep Carmel at home? Why do you listen to BBC radio? And other questions from before. After that, they searched the property of the mentioned family to find a document or proof. They messed everything up and made holes with what. Sometimes they looted light and valuable things.
After this, the great escape began. Thousands of people left their homes, work, place and existence and immigrated to neighboring countries. These poor and oppressed people of history lived in heat and cold day and night with hungry stomachs and by giving bribes and exorbitant amounts of money to human traffickers, they reached Pakistan or Iran.

Six serious occupation of the country by Soviet forces

After taking power, Hafizullah Amin's first words for the people of Afghanistan were the promise of three important principles (immunity, legality, justice). He used to say that the past is the past. The era of killing innocent people, the infernal tortures of Exa, the era of arrest and detention, lawlessness and lawlessness will not be repeated again. He held Noor Muhammad Taraki and his supporters responsible for all the past massacres and tragedies and considered himself innocent and righteous.
As soon as Amin came to power, he purged the entire army of known Turki supporters. During this period, Turki fans were either imprisoned or killed.
By the order of Amin, a large list containing the names of thousands of political prisoners was arranged and istalled on the walls of the Ministry of Interior and Kabul Province. He announced that the members of this list were killed by the order of Noor Mohammad Turki. The mentioned list faced strong reactions and protests from the people of the country. Amin used the opportunity to kill a number of protestors that he thought would be a problem for him in the future.
Due to the efforts of the Soviet Union to prevent Amin from coming to power, Amin took power by eliminating Turki and appointed himself the general secretary of the party's central committee and the head of the revolutionary council. When Amin came to power, all the plans of the Soviets and their domestic supporters in Afghanistan came to nothing. Soviet relations with Amin grew cold day by day, and the Soviet Union was angry and angry at the situation.
At that time, General Pavlovsky and his fellow officers were busy equipping and improving the combat capabilities of the Afghan army. He and six of his generals have entered the area to study the land and complete reconnaissance to provide the final stages of planning for the Soviet intervention through air and land. The Afghan government and army really needed help, the guerrilla and partisan war was intensifying. The desertion of soldiers was increasing day by day, the nationalist feelings of the officers were aroused. The pro-Amin officers were dismissed and the control of the army was taken out of their hands. Guerrilla wars gave the Soviets the opportunity to increase their advisors and send more ammunition and weapons to Afghanistan, and in the following months to deploy their forces in Bagram Airfield. In addition, they also controlled a part of the Kabul International Airport. take Today's research and studies prove that not only the Soviets were interested in deploying their forces in Afghanistan, but the leaders of the Turkish, Turkish and Amin governments repeatedly encouraged and incited the Soviets to deploy their forces and made official requests for it many times. The government had provided.
The Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper published in Moscow in 1990 and also in the book "Tsash Shahrah Masboot" about the Red Army's campaign in Afghanistan have been written with the use of Muharram documents of the Satrdarstiz archive and the statements of generals and advisers involved in the Soviet work in Afghanistan. which is acknowledged to explain how the rulers of Afghanistan, especially Hafizullah Amin, insisted and demanded the deployment of Soviet forces to Afghanistan.
After the riot of March 1979 in Herat province, the leadership of Afghanistan persistently demanded the sending of Soviet troops to their country.
Such requests signed by Taraki and Amin are available in the archive of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. These requests were sent to the Soviet Union through the Soviet ambassador in Afghanistan, KGB generals and the country's chief military advisor in Kabul.
Amin's requests were for 10 to 20 helicopters with ammunition and Soviet pilots to Afghanistan to be used in case of deterioration of the situation in the border and central regions of the country to suppress the opposition sent from Pakistan. In front of the Soviet Union, they gave negative answers to the Afghan leaders.
But Amin explained the deterioration of the situation in Afghanistan and told the Soviets that the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan would increase our morale and provide us with confidence.
Documents and ciphers sent to Moscow show that Hafizullah Amin and Taraki requested the sending of Soviet armed forces. These requests have been officially made by Hafizullah Amin eighteen times.
From the studies and analysis of the documents, it is clear that until Amin's coup against Taraki, despite repeated requests from the Afghan side, the leaders of the Soviet Union did not decide to send military forces to Afghanistan with determination and valid reasons.
The Soviets said that Afghanistan has more than 100,000 military personnel, if they are provided with sufficient and modern technology and weapons, and with better organization, education and training of young civilian and military personnel, they will be able to benefit from the coup's achievements. Thor defend. The mountainous nature of Afghanistan and its long borders with Iran and Pakistan were other reasons for the Soviet Union not to send troops to Afghanistan.
But some other military, security generals and political advisors of the former Soviet government, analyzing the dramatic military and political situation in October, Taraki's death and Amin's rise to power, said that the social foundations of the government have been weakened and are being transformed.
The goals of the party have been taken away from their importance and the party has become a pressure tool and they have started fighting among themselves. The tensions between the members of the party are increasing day by day. Afghanistan is moving to the brink of civil war. In the foreign policy of the Soviet Union and the United States of America, coercion, lack of trust and suspicion have ruled.
This group of ex-Soviet soldiers considered the Afghan army to be demoralized, insufficient and lacking the necessary skills and experience to defend the achievements of the revolution.
The extensive reports in front of the generals in favor of sending military forces to Afghanistan, about the disintegration of the army and the disintegration of the Afghan armed forces, which were facing increasing desertions, were somewhat realistic. These reports are largely optimistic, but until Brezhnev was not angry, none of this team had decided to send troops to Afghanistan. Brezhnev's anger about Taraki's death has led to the decision to send troops to Afghanistan, because the Soviet Union felt obliged to reach the military aid of its neighboring country, which had a revolution and was suffering from it.
In any case, the Soviet invasion was either due to the inevitable elimination of Hafizullah Amin, whose relations and relations with Pakistan and the United States became more and more worrying, and moreover, he had provoked Brezhnev's anger with the murder of Turki, or because it was a step forward to gain access to the United States. to Iran and Afghanistan and the lack of an agreement (SALT 2) and the realization of the medium-range missile plan in Europe, which had caused the disruption of the atmosphere of trust between these two superpowers, or to prevent the collapse of the Afghan revolution, which was supported by Mikhail Soslov . No matter how important and important these reasons are, it cannot be considered as a means to exonerate the rulers of the Soviet Union in taking this political reaction.
Preparations for sending troops to Afghanistan had started in November in the armed forces of the Soviet Union. On December 24, Marshal Ustinov announced the decision of the Soviet political leader to send military units of that country to Afghanistan in a meeting with the leadership of the Ministry of Defense of Afghanistan. In the archives of the Soviet Ministry of Defense, there are Ustinov's speeches marked in red and written in them as "special", "important and confidential". On the same day, Ustinov and Agarkov jointly signed the directive to send parts to Afghanistan. In the introduction of the directive, the purpose of sending limited Soviet units to Afghanistan is to provide international assistance and prevent anti-Afghan interventions launched by imperialist countries to create favorable conditions for the friendly people of Afghanistan. The time to cross the Soviet state border into Afghanistan was chosen at three o'clock on December 25.
At the promised time of crossing, i.e. 3 o'clock Moscow time on December 25th, the Soviet border officials lifted the gate of the border, and the first Kandak as the leader of the Soviet forces passed the pontoon bridge over the Amu Sea and reached Hairatan. At the same time, the giant Soviet planes, which were carrying soldiers of the assault landing and combat techniques, entered the airspace of Afghanistan and took the flight course towards Kabul. The arrival of the military forces of the Soviet Union was completed in Kabul on the 27th of December. It was a great historical moment for both countries. This meant the occupation, aggression and invasion of a large country to a poor and small neighboring country, which aroused the hatred and opposition of Afghans from the very first moments, and this kind of disaster started to escalate.
The total number of these forces in 1979 was 80,000 people, which later increased to 150,000 people. In the first act of occupying the country, the Soviets killed Hafizullah Amin, the President of the Afghan Republic, while he warmly welcomed the arrival of the Soviet forces to Afghanistan and proudly announced that the Soviet Red Army was now here. Our great neighbor never leaves us alone in a bad day. Everything is going great now.
Domestic and foreign historians are of the same opinion that Amin was poisoned by the poison that was poured into the soup by his Russian cooks, and later he was killed by the invasion of the Soviet commandos and landing units at Taj Beg hill.
The Russians and their Afghan supporters wanted Amin to die quietly and the power to be given to Babrak Karmel. For this purpose, Kandak, one of the Kandaks of the Assault Sect, which consisted of mostly officers and employees of Ka, J, B, was given the task to attack Daralman Palace and finish Amin's work. According to the plan, at the same time, the units of this sect moved all over the city of Kabul and captured the key points of the city.
At 7:30 p.m., the offensive cannon began its assault on the palace. Amin's guard, who were busy resting in their cabins, were surprised and either perished or were captured without any resistance.
The attackers, who were armed with hand grenades and Kalashnikov assault rifles, attacked the rooms where they thought Amin was. The attackers do not know who is civilian and who is military. Behind them were some deposed ministers such as Gulab Zvi, Watanjar and Wakil who entered Kabul with the Soviet soldiers and now wanted to see with their own eyes how Amin was killed. At 9 pm, the city of Kabul regained its peace. As if nothing had happened at all. While in this short period of one hour, Amin, the vampire dictator, and a large number of officers and soldiers were killed with guilt and innocence, and his hundred-day reign, which began with a bloody ascension, ended with a bloody fall.
Babarak Carmel after his election as the general secretary of the Central Committee of H. d. Kh. on the twenty-seventh of December in his first press release, which was broadcast from Terez. Hafizullah Amin congratulated the people of Afghanistan on the physical destruction of this demagogue and executioner of history and his criminal gang. The news of this incident brought tears of joy and happiness to most of the country's residents, especially the oppressed people of Kabul who had lost their loved ones during the power of this vampire man. Babrak Karmel said that Amin and his gang, who killed Noor Muhammad Taraki and thousands of innocent people in prisons, torture centers, and training camps without trial, had a plan to kill half of the country's population and with the opposition. destroy the united government, the democratic government of Afghanistan. Babrak continued his speech and said that the limited parts of the Soviet Union have come to Afghanistan at the invitation of the former governments of Afghanistan to help the Afghan people in the defense of territorial integrity, national independence and the defense of their fatherland. He said: They fulfilled their internalist duty and after ensuring peace and security in our country, they left Afghanistan and will return to their country again. Babrak legitimized the coming of the Russians to Afghanistan in these words.
Babrak Karmel announced in a press release that according to the December 9, 1978 treaty signed between the leaders of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. The arrival of the Soviet Red Army will not harm the freedom and independence of Afghanistan.
Carmel promised that he would soon release the political prisoners of the Amin era and declare a day of national mourning. He blamed Amin for all the past disasters, crimes and killings and promised that soon the perpetrators of the past crimes and killings will be brought to justice. Carmel also expressed his opinion about the transformation and the new and evolutionary stage of the 7 Taurus revolution.
On the 11th, the citizens of Kabul witnessed the release of more than five thousand political prisoners from the prisons of the capital. Thousands of Kabul residents had gathered outside the prison in the hope of getting their loved ones and relatives back under the deadly cold of the holy month. There was no end to the joy of those who found their loved ones back. As well as the grief and lamentation of the poor who had lost their loved ones and would never see them again. It was a pitiful and mournful scene, thousands of people were lost and sunk into the ground. Thousands of people with thousands of dreams and hopes, the prisoners were thin, yellow and represented the peak of cruelty, oppression and pressure that was imposed on them. They cried and told terrible stories with tears and sorrow.
In the provinces, there were many prisoners who were rightly and wrongly called reactionary, extremist, Brotherhood, spy, pro-American, etc., and were stored in cramped, dark, and lacking human living conditions. They were also released on January 12 and 13.
All of these were good and a good start to repair and heal the wounds of people's bleeding hearts. But soon the initial excitement of the people subsided. The bitterness and heartaches of the people were forgotten. Whispers and whispers began. Because people came to their senses and heard the sound of foreign iron heels on the pavements of their streets. So the murmurs and whispers turned into protests, became strong and resounding and turned into the holy cry of "Allah Akbar". Allahu Akbar as a cry of protest, anger and hatred of a Muslim nation against infidel and atheist Russians.
The reactions of the Afghan society and the outside world against the entry of Soviet forces into Afghanistan were very intense. US President Carter accused the Soviet Union of openly violating accepted international laws. Carter said: The military occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union has created a deep crisis between the Soviet Union and Western countries, and this is the deepest crisis that has arisen since World War II. By following the American policy, all Western countries, non-aligned countries, Arab countries and Afghanistan's neighbors, including Iran, Pakistan and China, launched strong and continuous propaganda against the Soviet Union and considered the Carmel government as a puppet. they did
The communist parties of Europe, influenced by the propaganda of the West, condemned the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Yugoslavia and Romania also treated it hostilely. America and Western countries imposed economic sanctions against the Soviet Union.
The conference of Islamic countries in January 1980, in which 40 Islamic countries participated except Afghanistan and Egypt, pledged to support the Afghan refugees with all their strength and provide assistance to the Mujahideen, Saudi Arabia was at the head of this country.
Huge changes had taken place in the region. In India Mrs. Indira Gandhi had again taken the reins of her country's affairs. Mrs. Gandhi was an enemy of the Pakistani government and a friend of the Soviet Union and had friendly relations with the Afghan regime. The Islamic revolution had won in Iran and Imam Khomeini was the leader and all-rounder of the Iranian government.
In Pakistan, General Zia-ul-Haq took power as a military ruler after the hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and he was very afraid of the development of Soviet influence in Afghanistan and the region, and considered it a threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity. So that even Afghanistan was imagined as the first line of Soviet aggression against Pakistan, and on the other hand, Pakistan's border conflicts with India had become hotter.
After the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, Zia-ul-Haq openly supported the Afghan organizations living in Pakistan and developed guerilla and guerilla wars by them, expanding the war in Afghanistan and defeating the Afghan army and economy. Zia-ul-Haq was afraid that if the Afghan government succeeds in its programs. He will have the opportunity to export the revolution to Pakistan. Especially since the historical claim of Afghans regarding the determination of the right to self-determination for the people of Pashtunistan was still at the forefront of that country's foreign policy.
Zia-ul-Haq used to say: "Two years are necessary for me to strengthen my position in Pakistan and the world, and for this purpose in Afghanistan, the water should boil as much as necessary." e) Pakistan should establish a separate branch with great financial resources and broad powers to help the Afghan Mujahideen.
Zia-ul-Haq said to General Akhtar Abdul Rahman: "Slowly set Afghanistan on fire." Following the order of the President, General Akhtar gave the following order: "Kabul must be set on fire." Brigadier General Akhtar Abdul Rahman's order was issued by General I. S. I of Pakistan in 1980. 1987, for this purpose, the most modern light and heavy weapons were removed from the warehouses of the Pakistani army and were given to the Afghan and Pakistani students of I.S.I using the darkness of the night inside Afghanistan.
General Akhtar always pushed to give heavy weapons and military training to the Mujahideen around Kabul, saying that Kabul should be under rocket attacks for twelve months. The airport and cities, especially the highways north to the Amu Sea, are blocked and the Salang highway is a permanent target. In addition to targeting important military and government centers with rocket attacks, by sending people to destroy work, important factories are also targeted. The destruction of Kabul was the centerpiece of General Akhtar's plan.
Lieutenant General Yusuf, the head of the Afghan branch of Pakistan's intelligence organization, wrote in his book (Talak Khors): "I, as the head of the Afghan branch of I.I. S. I was not only responsible for the training and arming of the Mujahideen, but I was also responsible for their operations inside Afghanistan. My goal was to make Afghanistan the Vietnam of the Soviets. The goal was not only the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan, but also the rejection and escape of the Afghan communists from Kabul. On this basis, it was noted that Kabul should be burned and destroyed... This was our destination. From 1983 to 1987, we imported more than 65,000 tons of weapons to Afghanistan. The percentage of the major allocation that was given to the parties in 1987 was like this. Hekmatyar 18-20 percent, Rabbani 18-19 percent, Sayaf 17-18 percent, Khalis 15-13 percent, Nabi 15-13 percent, Gilani 10-11 percent, and Mujadadi 3-5 percent... from 1984 to 1987 The number is 100. 137 Afghan mujahids were trained and equipped for sabotage in Pakistan, while most of them were trained inside Afghanistan by employees of Pakistan's intelligence agency. "
Pakistan included not only the IS-I department but also the army of this country in the war against the Afghan government, and later in the frontal wars of Jalalabad, Khost, Gardizo, etc., Pakistani militias and the logistics of that army played a major role.
America paid more than 3 billion dollars in 10 years to support the Afghan Mujahideen against the Red Army. In addition, other countries such as England, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, China, Iran, etc. paid almost the same amount to strengthen the Mujahideen.
If America is not satisfied with only hurting the Red Army in Afghanistan. To get the Russians out of Afghanistan, he took a series of general measures, trained and equipped more than 150,000 mujahids and sent them to war in Afghanistan.

Joint planned body coup

With a quick look at the events and incidents of the recent years of Dr. Najibullah's government, it is clear that, before leaving Afghanistan and to save the infamy of occupying this country, the Soviet Union agreed with Pakistan on a joint strategy to overthrow the Afghan government and continue the war in this country. arrived. The strategy of overthrowing the Afghan government is formed when Dr. Najibullah declared the day of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country as the day of Afghanistan's national salvation and intensified the implementation of the five-point peace plan of the United Nations, which was welcomed by a number of Afghan jihadist groups. forgive The countries involved in the war in Afghanistan, especially the neighboring countries, did not consider the realization of this process to their benefit, they considered the unification of two extraordinary combat forces and having ten thousand tons of weapons and ammunition as a serious danger. Accordingly, each of these countries wanted to establish their puppet government in Kabul or in one of the five zones of Afghanistan after the overthrow of Dr. Najibullah's government. Through their intelligence organizations, these countries tried to sabotage the peace process and continue the war in the country. The most important of which goes back to the conspiracies planned by the intelligence doctrine of Moscow and Islamabad. In this conspiracy, the Russians wanted to achieve different goals. First, to topple Dr. Najibullah's government, destroy its key components (security and intelligence). Second, they put Afghanistan in the grip of power-seeking jihadi groups and ignite the fire of a long-term civil war in the country. Thirdly, the Afghans should never feel a victory for the Soviet Union, and the military and political communication elements of the Islamic movements of the Central Asian countries, which had a significant presence in the existence of jihadist groups, will forever be rooted out, and on the other hand, they will protect themselves from the accusation of rape. Save the poor countries of the world.
Pakistan, seeking to achieve its political and economic goals, was another partner in this conspiracy and tried to create a dependent, submissive and weak government in Afghanistan with the fall of Dr. Najibullah's government.
Pakistan, seeking to achieve its political and economic goals, was another partner in this conspiracy and tried to create a dependent, submissive and weak government in Afghanistan with the fall of Dr. Najibullah's government. The Pakistanis did not see any kind of obstacle in front of them to achieve their goals from the Mujahideen, but the main problem was the Afghan government led by Dr. Najibullah, who from all the conspiracies and Pakistan, seeking to achieve its political and economic goals, was another partner in this conspiracy and tried to create a dependent, submissive and weak government in Afghanistan with the fall of Dr. Najibullah's government. The Pakistanis did not see any kind of obstacle in front of them in order to achieve their goals from the Mujahideen, but the main problem was the Afghan government led by Dr. Najibullah, who successfully escaped all military and political conspiracies and tests during fourteen years of war and more than The past stood strong and firmly on its feet. The overthrow of the Afghan government and the establishment of a government at the request of Islamabad in Kabul is considered a great security advantage for the Pakistani army and intelligence organization against India and other political and military rivals of this country, and on the other hand, in the economic aspect, Pakistani producers have dreams of They were reaching the realization of their economic strategy, which was to reach the newly liberated markets of Central Asia.
At this point in time, while Pakistan's intelligence organization had established the Islamic Union of Northern Afghanistan under the leadership of Azad Beyk, the head of the Afghanistan branch of its intelligence organization in northern Afghanistan, with the participation of a number of jihadi commanders. The Soviet government was completely opposed to the Afghan government and improved its relations with Pakistan. The overthrow of Dr. Najibullah's government, which had become a cherished dream of both countries, is considered a major factor in the rapprochement of these two countries. In addition, Moscow needed new supporters from the Mujahideen group to overthrow the Afghan regime, and Pakistan could supply this force to the Soviet Union through its intelligence organization. For this reason, at the request of Moscow, Pakistan sent a number of Jihadi leaders headed by Burhanuddin Rabbani to the Kremlin Palace to meet the Soviet leaders. We will leave the details of the jihadi leaders' commitments to the Soviet sides for another time and place. But in general, the Moscow agreements made a united front of the Kremlin palace communists, their supporters inside the ruling party of Afghanistan, along with the Mujahideen against the government of Dr. Najibullah. We are now investigating the first joint move by Russian and Pakistani intelligence agencies to overthrow the Afghan government led by Dr. Najibullah.
A united front of the Kremlin Palace Communism, their supporters within the ruling party of Afghanistan, together with the Mujahideen against the government of Dr. Najibullah. We are now examining the first joint move by Russian and Pakistani intelligence agencies to overthrow the Afghan government led by Dr. Najibullah.
The Russian government, especially the members of Boris Yeltsin's team, in the first step and in an obvious move, invites three ministers of Dr. Najibullah's government to Moscow to carry out plans to overthrow the Afghan regime. In these negotiations, the Russian side wanted to ask the opinion of the three senior security ministers (Syed Mohammad Gulab Zvi, Shahnawaz Tani, Ghulam Farooq Yaqoubi) about the plan of national reconciliation and the creation of a mixed system with the participation of Mujahideen in Afghanistan. In these discussions, Interior Minister Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zvi and Defense Minister Shahnawaz Tani clearly declared their opposition to the national reconciliation plan of the Afghan government and accused Dr. Najibullah of disintegrating the party and pledged to implement plans to subvert the regime towards the Soviet Union. They gave. However, General Ghulam Farooq Yacoubi, Minister of State Security, leaves the negotiations without any commitment, contrary to the expectations of the Russians.
At the same time, the Moscow authorities propose another plan to these three ministers. In this plan, the change of the system and leadership in Afghanistan was predicted as a way to save the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan from merging with the Mojahedin groups. The realization of the mentioned plan would cause the government of Dr. Najibullah to be overthrown through a military coup and a new government would be formed under the leadership of Asadullah Sarwari and with the participation of loyalists from (K G B) and ISI.
After the Moscow negotiations, the security ministers of the Afghan government went to Kabul. Defense Minister Shahnawaz Tani and Interior Minister Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zovi are starting their work to fulfill a new mission entrusted to them by the Soviet Union, while the supporters of Babrak Carmel within the party have created a strong centrality with the aim of sabotaging Dr. Najibullah's policies. had done that was directly related to the new policy makers of the Kremlin. It was entrusted to them by the Soviets, while they are starting their work, the supporters of Babrak Karmel within the party had created a strong center with the aim of sabotaging Dr. Najibullah's policies, which was directly related to the new policy makers of the Kremlin.
After returning to Kabul, General Ghulam Farooq Yaqoubi, the Minister of State Security of Afghanistan, who did not join the ranks of the government's opponents in this game, will go to Dr. Najibullah to explain Moscow's destructive plans and present preventive and defensive plans. In this meeting, the Minister of State Security asks the President to remove a number of government officials, especially Seyyed Azam, the General Commander of the Special Guard, from their positions. In addition, Yaqoubi assures Dr. Najibullah in this meeting that the special guard units and state security did not give the coup plotters a chance to win and the coup will be suppressed as soon as possible.
Shahnawaz Tani, the Minister of Defense, who was supposed to launch a coup against the Afghan government on the orders of the Soviet Union and Pakistan. He had constant arguments with Dr. Najib on various issues, including the peace plan of Dr. Najibullah's government and the increase in the salary of the army, and he fearlessly threatened to overthrow the government. However, State Security Minister General Ghulam Farooq Yaqoubi met with General Tani on the eve of the coup and warned him that the fall of the government is not in his power and any action against the government will be suppressed by the special presidential guard and state security units. While Teni said that the coup will be strongly supported. But when the coup started, a number of units that Tani was confident of its combat and operational capabilities and counted on did not budge.
The common goals brought the Soviet Union and Pakistan closer together, and the policy of pressure and trade became a substitute for reconciliation between these two countries, as a result of which the future of Afghanistan was drawn in the new maps of Pakistan and the Soviet Union. Today's documents and evidence have made many people aware of the fact that the coup of Shenuaz Teni, the political coup of the supporters of Babrak Carmel against the United Nations peace plan, the rebellion of General Momin, General Dostum and Seyyed Jafarnadri, the commander of the Ismaili sect in northern Afghanistan in 1971- 1370, preventing the departure of Dr. Najibullah from the country in 1371, the assassination of General Ghulam Farooq Yaqoubi, the Minister of State Security and General Baghi, the head of the Department of State Security of the government of Dr. Najibullah, Abdul Haq Olomi, and the regulatory wars of Afghanistan, components of the joint plan of the intelligence organization B) The Soviet KG and Pakistan's ISI were to overthrow the government of Dr. Najibullah and continue the wars in Afghanistan.
Another part of the plan to overthrow the government of Afghanistan is followed in Pakistan and it develops in another direction.
Before this plan, the army and the intelligence organization of Pakistan made many efforts to attack the Kabul regime by mobilizing jihadist groups along with the terrorist networks of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Arabs from outside the region, through the east and south of Afghanistan. overthrow Kabul itself. While these attacks, contrary to expectations, failed. This time, Pakistan, with the help of Saudi Arabia's intelligence organization and the active participation of Prince Turki al-Faisal, the head of that organization, who still had warm relations with Osama bin Laden and other Arab terrorists based in Afghanistan, is following Moscow's plan by making Islamabad a partner of the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization. . For this reason, during a meeting in Riyadh, ISI representatives requested Osama bin Laden to provide financial assistance for the purchase of Afghan army officers and units. In addition, ISI representatives invited bin Laden to come to Pakistan and Take a closer look at the new program.
At the same time, the representative office of the American intelligence organization and the ISI based in Islamabad obtained information that showed that the Pakistani intelligence organization, in a new program, is trying hard to bring Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of the Afghan Hizb-e-Islami, to power in Kabul. Although the report does not say anything about Moscow's role, the report adds that a millionaire sheikh from Saudi Arabia named Osama bin Laden provided the money for Hekmatyar's rise to power in Afghanistan to Pakistan's intelligence agency in order to use it to implement a military coup in Kabul. , to be spent against the Afghan government.
In the continuation of the CIA report, it is stated that the members of the al-Qaeda network had meetings with the employees of the Afghanistan branch and the Pakistani Intelligence Organization and the ISI coup plotters, and asked them to attack the ground forces of the coup plotters with the launch of the coup by air forces loyal to the Minister of Defense. To the government skins located in the south of Kabul, open the way for the forces of the Islamic Liberation Division of Golbedin Hekmatyar to enter Kabul.
Necessary arrangements were made between the coup plotters and their domestic and foreign supporters, and at noon on the 16th of August 1368, the planes of the coup plotters made sudden and deliberate strikes on the president's command center, military bases supporting the president, paralyzing communications, destroying the national radio and television. And they started disrupting the movement and administration and then carrying out the invasion of infantry and tank forces in order to occupy the capital. In the plan, the help and assistance of Hekmatyar's forces and his pro-Mujahideen was also fully calculated.
Rumors were heard at that time that Tenni wanted to settle the accounts of the Parkhimis by eliminating Dr. Najib and his followers and share the power with Hekmatyar, and by doing this, he was acquitted by the Mujahideen, and he and his friends would remain in power forever .
Facing the coup plotters and the inability to defend the system were two worrying options for Dr. Najibullah's loyalists. According to the plan of the operational table that Tenny had drawn for the victory of the coup, it is understood that the air force can be used for the benefit of Tenny. Golbedin had created a kind of doubt and uncertainty about the victory of the government against the coup d'état.
The act has been acquitted by the Mujahideen, may he and his associates remain in power forever. Facing the coup plotters and the inability to defend the system were two worrying options for Dr. Najibullah's loyalists. According to the plan of the operational table that Tenny had drawn for the victory of the coup, it is understood that the air force can be used for the benefit of Tenny. Golbedin had created a kind of doubt and uncertainty about the victory of the government against the coup d'état.
Because the Minister of Defense and half of the country's armed forces, with one of the strongest Jihad organizations that had the support of Pakistan and the world, had risen against the government.
In order to win the coup, General Tani transferred a number of officers and political workers who had helped him in the coup plot to the army. On the other hand, Dr. Najib also negotiated with pro-Carmel supporters and people who were not with Tenni and tried to win them over.
The transformations and changes of the officers in the territory of the body and the units under his command were carried out with a strange speed. The question was, where did all these young staff loyal to him come from? Later, it turned out that some of these officers were related to Mujahideen military organizations, especially Golbedin Hekmatyar, whose list was given to Teni. The one-day determinations included more than ten to twenty people.
The main advisors of General Teni in this coup in Afghanistan are General Asif Shoor, Lt. Col. Kabir Karwani, Lt. Col. Jafar Sartir, Lt. Col. Mohammad Zee Nikmal, General Sheikh Mohammad Bawar, General Khan Agha Bandihi, General Hamzah, General Hashim Harinwal, General Fattah, Chief of Logistics, General Farooq was the General Commander of Artillery, General Qadir Aka, General Faqir, General Hazrat, etc. The first four mentioned were the main designers of the coup against Dr. Najib.
Bawar, General Khan Agha Bandihi, General Hamzah, General Hashim Harinwal, General Fattah, Chief of Logistics, General Farooq, General Commander of Artillery, General Qadir Aka, General Faqir, General Hazrat, etc., were the first four people who were introduced as the main designers of the coup against Dr. They formed Najib.
During this period, the Kabul Garrison and other units loyal to the government completed the Kabul security and defense plan, and in some cases, training was also carried out. brought In those days, the political and military situation in other parts of the country, especially in the south, had become more tense.
The Soviet Embassy and the military advisor of that country tried to reconcile Teni with the President Dr. Najib to deceive the public. The ambassador invited them both to the embassy, and even though Dr. Najibullah showed his kindness and invited Tani to his house the next day and cooked for him, their differences did not decrease and the atmosphere of distrust between them grew day by day. And it was getting deeper and had taken away peace and comfort from both sides.
In the meantime, the people of Kabul, who were aware of their military formation, lived in fear and were impatiently waiting for the end of this ridiculous drama. The prices of raw materials and other goods needed by the people have increased, livelihood and coupon materials were not distributed due to the government's busyness in one of the most unnecessary businesses, and the hard and cold winter did not end.
One day before the coup and after the meeting of the Supreme Council of the Nation, Saleh Mohammad Ziri, Niaz Mohammad Mohmand, Nazar Mohammad, the former Minister of Defense, Dastgir Panjshiri, Hashim Kharnwal, Qadir Aka and some other supporters of Teni in Dar al-Aman for the last time discussed the coup plan in a The four-hour session was evaluated.
One day before the coup and after the meeting of the Supreme Council of the Nation, Saleh Mohammad Ziri, Niaz Mohammad Mohmand, Nazar Mohammad, the former Minister of Defense, Dastgir Panjshiri, Hashim Kharnwal, Qadir Aka and some other supporters of Teni in Dar al-Aman for the last time discussed the coup plan in a The four-hour session was evaluated.
During the time, the commander of the 88th Artillery Brigade, General Ayub Abui, was summoned to the Ministry of Defense and was imprisoned by Tani's men. Also, the political commanders, military security officials and the head of operations of Ghand 21 Guards of 37 Commando Brigade, High Officer Course and Ghand 235 Guards were disarmed and expelled from these units or imprisoned.
According to the military security officials of the government, the security and political situation of the country was getting more complicated by the minute and the coup plotters were being summoned. On the same day, Dr. Najib entrusted the Kabul garrison with the task of implementing the operational plan that had been prepared earlier. General Tani deposed the Minister of Defense and held a meeting with the members of the political party in Gul Khana Palace to discuss and negotiate about this issue.
Before the operation of the Kabul garrison, at 1:15 in the afternoon on 16 August 1368, the planes of the coup plotters started the coup by bombing the key points of the city. The first bomb hit the citadel, the second bomb hit the Kabul garrison, and the third bomb hit the radio and television station.
The war jets of the coup plotters in the second stage of their air attacks hit various parts of the Presidential Palace, Kabul Garrison Sports Stadium, Shahzadeh Ahmad Shah's residence, National Guard (Balahisar), Automat Center (Pashtunistan Crossroads), Meyvand Road, Ghand Topchi, Department Ten of State Security. targeted Bombs of 250 kilos and 500 kilos were thrown over the city with cruelty and violence. 45 minutes had passed since the coup when the whole city was captured by the tanks of military forces loyal to Dr. Najib's government.
And violence was thrown all over the city. 45 minutes had passed since the coup when the whole city was captured by the tanks of military forces loyal to Dr. Najib's government.
After the downing of a plane of the coup plotters, the intensity of the bombardment decreased, but the rocket attacks that were carried out from around Dar al-Aman Palace, Ghand 32, Section (8) of Karizmir, were mainly concentrated on residential, commercial and government institutions. In contrast, government forces attacked Bagram airfield, Dar al-Aman palace and other gathering places of the coup plotters using Luna and Oregon rockets. Meanwhile, the air forces stationed at the Mazar-e-Sharif airport rushed to the aid of the government forces, and Mustafa Kahraman, the famous pilot of Afghanistan, was able to destroy the runway of the Bagram airport with several flights, as well as the artillery gunner Ruf Begi from Parwan also destroyed the Bagram airport. attacked
After 5 o'clock in the evening, the attack of General Tani's infantry and armored forces started from the eastern stronghold of Kabul following airstrikes. But the coup plotters faced the resistance of the government forces and could not achieve anything. Asif Shoor, General Kabir Karwani, and Lt. Col. Jafar Sarteer from Dar al-Aman Palace were the leaders of the coup plotters.
Although the resistance of the infantry and armored forces of the people related to Tani continued until noon on 17 August 1368, but at 6 pm on 16 August 1368, the news of the failure of the coup d'état, Golbedin, was broadcast on the national radio and television of Afghanistan.
The leader of the coup plotters, General Shahnawaz Tani, the former Minister of Defense, Niaz Mohammad Mohmand, a member of the political party H. d. Kh. A., Major General Abdul Qadir aka Commander of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces,
Due to the intensity of the war, the casualties of the coup did not exceed 50 people on both sides. But the plane's bombs hit near Radio and Television, Pashtunistan Square, Pukhteforsi, Kabul Chowk, Kabul Old City, killing more than 150 people and injuring 300 civilian citizens of this city.
Following the coup, dozens of other officers and pilots who had helped Tenni in planning and executing the coup were killed or arrested, including General Fatah, the head of logistics of the Ministry of Defense, General Mohammad Hashim Kharnwal, General of the Armed Forces, General Dost Mohammad Sir Inspector of the Army. General Abdul Haq is the commander of the radar, General Hakim Nouri is the commander of the aviation university's plan, Lt. Col. Khan Mohammad is the commander of the rocket forces, Lt. Col. Mohammad Omar Zarmati is the deputy of the rocket brigade, Lt. Col. Ghulam Saeed is the director of the Air University's teaching, Lt. Col. Mohammad Hakim Nouri is the commander of the plan of the Air Force University, etc. Former Defense Minister Mohammad Nazar, Ziri, and Panjshiri resigned from their duties in the political front of the party, and a memo was sent to the Soviet Union about the resignation of Seyyed Mohammad Gulabzvi from the Afghan Embassy in Moscow and requested that the aforementioned along with Mir Sahib Karwal who At that time, he was in the Soviet Union and was sent to Afghanistan to surrender to the Afghan government.
The coup represents the aggravation of the old and multi-party differences of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and was created based on the conspiracy and plans of the intelligence organizations of the countries in the region.
But Shahnawaz Tani, the leader of the coup plotters, while denying the coup against Dr. Najibullah's government, says that the conspiracy and conspiracy of Dr. Najibullah and his domestic and foreign supporters caused differences and factions in the party, and these differences eventually led to an attack. Dr. Najibullah attacked the party and the Afghan army and myself, and we only defended ourselves.

Shahnavaz Tani, the leader of the coup plotters

"Severe differences between the members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, especially the leadership of H. d. Kh. It had arisen due to the political issues of the country. Because Dr. Najib's policy was not correct in terms of politics and democracy. Instead of correcting his policy, Dr. Najib created the second congress of the party, ensured democracy, created and implemented personnel policy and justice, and released a number of political prisoners from prison, besides, he did not do these things. With the help of his foreign advisers, he conspired against me, against the Afghan army and the Afghan Democratic Party, and I must say that it is known to everyone that I did not engage in military action in the last days of Dr. Najib and his supporters, let alone those inside the country. And those who were abroad took military action against us and we defended ourselves against their conspiracy. "
Q. Mr. Teni, you talked about political differences, can you tell me where and how these differences started?
A. "Political differences had very broad and ancient roots since the founding of the party, especially from the six Jedi, it intensified with the arrival of the Soviet armed forces to Afghanistan. With the arrival of the Soviet forces to Afghanistan, the government of the people fell and the faction of the people was crushed, Hafizullah Amin, the leader of the party, was killed, many members of the party were relieved of their duties and imprisoned.
They were conspiring and at the last moment they actually took military action against us. "
Q: Mr. Teni, some of your relatives and some analysts are of the opinion that you staged a coup against the government of Dr. Najibullah with the help of the then Soviet intelligence organization, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. ?
Shahnavaz Tani
A. "No, brother, this is a conspiracy of organizations related to (KGB) who want to defame us. No foreign country or organization was involved in this action, and we only defended ourselves against the conspiracy of President Dr. Najibullah. But Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zvi, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Dr. Najibullah's government and a close relative of Shahnawaz Tani, approves Tani's coup and does not consider it a good act. He says that I advised Shahnawaz Teni not to stage a coup, it is better to get along with Dr. Najib.

Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zoi
"The coup was not a good act, because our best friends were martyred. There were bombardments that should not have happened. I advised Teni and said don't put up a coup, you can't make a coup, You cannot succeed, you will not succeed. Again, if you succeed. You cannot look and all the tragedies that the Russians and others did in Afghanistan will be attributed to you. It is better to agree with Dr. Najib, but he did not agree.

A: There are rumors that you also participated in the coup. ?
Q: Honestly, I was not involved in the coup, if I was, I would have said, on the contrary, I was also against the coup.
Some analysts are of the opinion that considering the power, information and evidence of the intelligence department of the government, the question arises as to why the government of Dr. Najibullah did not want to prevent the coup and let the coup d'etat begin.
Procrastination in neutralizing the coup was a wrong and unforgivable act that has never been seen in any country in the world for someone to wait until the coup begins.

Political coup against the peace plan of the
United Nations and the government of Dr. Najibullah

While the armed forces of Dr. Najibullah's government stubbornly defended territorial integrity, national sovereignty, and the invasion of Pakistani intelligence units and militias into Afghanistan. The efforts and initiatives of President Dr. Najib in order to end the war had taken the ground for any initiative from the Mujahideen and their foreign supporters. The Afghan government took steps to ensure peace and end the war, and Dr. Najib spoke about the futility of war and the policy of national reconciliation in the country, and made frequent suggestions to hold negotiations and free elections to his opponents.
Loya Jirga Jozai 1369 was one of these initiatives of the government, in which amendments were made to the Constitution of 1366. In these adjustments, the party's exclusive position d. Kh. which was included in the preamble of the law, was removed and political pluralism was accepted as the foundation of the life of Afghans. The principles of universal, equal, free, secret and direct elections were determined. The judiciary was made non-partisan and impartial, and the investigation of charges and the way of trial of high-ranking government officials were foreseen. In the field of economic and social activities, the private sector expanded and the monopoly of the government in this field was terminated or reduced. The establishment of foreign banks and the establishment of foreign educational institutions were allowed. Also, creation of favorable conditions in order to achieve the rights and position of permanent neutrality of Afghanistan and demilitarize it was foreseen in the mentioned law.
Afghan President Dr. Najib said in the opening statement of this Loya Jirga: "We invite all patriotic Afghans who live in Europe and America to come to Kabul and get to know the situation of their country." Now that the Soviet forces have left Afghanistan, the ground for active political participation in the field of peace has been provided more than ever before. They can contact us with full confidence and sense of responsibility, with the opponents of the government, the citizens of Kabul and the provinces, or the newly formed government, which consists of more than two-thirds of its members, neutral and non-partisan personalities, and find ways to solve the problem of Afghanistan. search inside the country.
In the same Loya Jirga, Doctor Najib appointed Fazlul Haq Khaliqyar as the Speaker of Afghanistan. 23 cabinet ministers and 3 Khaliqyars were made up of non-party people who worked in previous governments.
Fazl-ul-Haq Khaliqyar was an experienced person, a scientist and a polite and friendly person. With this work, Dr. Najib hoped to achieve the plans he had for the realization of the national reconciliation policy.
President Dr. Najibullah in another initiative of the second congress. d. Kh. He held a meeting in Kabul on 6 January 1369 and gave full explanations about how the party was established 26 years ago, the interference of foreign countries in Afghanistan's internal affairs, and the formation of opposition groups and organizations in Iran and Pakistan, about national reconciliation as a way to He mentioned the restoration of peace and stability in the country and called the renewal of the party a necessary condition for ensuring peace and reconstruction in the country.
In the draft of the party's new manifesto of the party's adherence to the traditional principles of democracy, he considered elections through free, secret, direct, equal and democratic voting as a means of realizing democracy. Parties, legal freedoms are considered essential and urgent tasks of the party, and considering the incompatibility of the party's mission statement with its current name, it is appropriate to change the name of H. d. should be proposed to (Hizb Watan).
The proposed plans regarding the party's constitution and mission statement were approved without opposition from any of the representatives. The party's flag was changed from red to blue, and the name of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan was changed to Watan Party. In this way, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan became far away from the party of 26 years ago, and with this work, Dr. Najibullah wanted to eliminate all the criticisms of his opponents against the party and the government.
In the second congress of the party, Dr. Najibullah revealed that during his trip to Switzerland, he met with some leaders of the organizations such as Hazrat Sibghatullah Mujadadi, Pir Seyed Ahmad Gilani and MP Zahir Shah, and the government representative also had talks with MP Golbedin Hekmatyar.
At that time, great political events took place in the Soviet Union. On August 19-23, 1991, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union organized a military coup by its marshals and generals in order to oppose the reforms and reconstruction of Gerbachev. The purpose of the coup was to trap Boris Yeltsin and his democratic supporters, remove Gerbachev and prevent the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The coup plotters accused these two people of national treason.
The coup was a full-fledged coup that was planned with a very detailed and comprehensive military plan. Ministers of Defense, Interior, Security, Military Advisor Gerbachev and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Soviet Union played a prominent role in it as military leaders.
The coup began on August 19 with the siege of the Soviet Parliament and the occupation of Moscow by tanks, military vehicles and thousands of soldiers and officers. In the early hours, it was thought that the coup would win very simply and quickly. But it did not happen, in fact a coup was carried out against the coup plotters. The leaders of the coup attempt were arrested and imprisoned, and Boris Yeltsin, the Soviet chancellor, took political power from Gerbachev and relied on Eric as the president of the Soviet Union.
Yeltsin abolished the Communist Party and gave the former Soviet Union countries the right to autonomy and freedom, announced the free market policy, and started to get closer to the United States of America. With this work, Boris Yeltsin's ideology of Marxism was mocked, it was called the eulogy of socialism and, as the famous saying goes, the last nail was hammered into the political coffin of communism.
The repression of the communists in the former Soviet Union and its satellite countries, which supported the revolutionary regime of Afghanistan, the disintegration of the Soviet armed forces and the Soviet army, and Boris Yeltsin's rise to power in Russia was a fatal blow to the government of Dr. Najibullah. Yeltsin was not Gerbachev, he was a proud and self-righteous person who, despite being a democrat, pretended to be a fascist and was completely indifferent in dealing with Afghanistan's issues and was not willing to help the Afghan regime even in the slightest. Unlike during his time, Burhanuddin Rabbani and his delegation were warmly received in Moscow, even considering the rumors at that time about the transfer of power, collusion was made with them, and without a doubt, this was done at the behest of America.
After the murder of General Zia-ul-Haq, the military ruler of Pakistan, and General Akhtar Abdul Rahman, one of the biggest and most famous victims of the Afghanistan war, on August 17, 1988, Benazir Bhutto took power in Pakistan and dismissed General Hamid Gul, the head of the military intelligence organization. . Hamid Gul was a radical person and one of the irreconcilable enemies of peace, democracy and development of Afghanistan. Mrs. Bhutto had believed that there are good Muslims in the Watan party with whom a solution for peace in Afghanistan can be found. After the Jalalabad war, Bhutto believed in the principle that the Mujahideen will never win over Dr. Najibullah's regime through military means, and therefore he pressured the jihadi leaders based in Pakistan to unite and prefer a political solution.
At the same time, Iran had forgotten its historical interests in Afghanistan due to the war with Iraq. In 1989, he tried to improve his relations with Kabul so that he could join the nine Shiite organizations and the Unity Party that was formed from their coalition. be effective
[ While Afghanistan was facing various crises, the economic, political and military situation was getting worse year by year. Despite the fact that the economic policy of the government underwent changes following Moscow and instead of the led economy, the free market economy had replaced it. But this new method was very young and fledgling and had left tangible effects in the country's economy in 1369. Various factors such as the continuation and intensification of the war were blocked, a large part of the communication lines and highways, the shortage of energy raw materials, the limited financial resources and currency, the back-breaking costs of the war, etc., on the economic sector of the country. It had completely negative effects.
[ The efforts of Mujahideen to overthrow Najibullah's government after the withdrawal of the Soviet forces, one after the other, ended in failure. On the 26th of Sableh 1369, Golbedin Hekmatyar addressed the Jihadi leaders and said that the conspiracy against Jihad was launched by the US and the Soviet Union and both sides decided to cut off their aid to the conflicting parties. Therefore, the question of life and death is raised for all of us. Therefore, in order to achieve victory, it is necessary that Awadh Roya Roy gathers all forces with the government forces in the provinces to carry out a strong attack on Kabul. The operation above Khost, which is contemporary, and so on The Jalalabad and Logar road should be cut off.
[ On this basis, Golbedin Hekmatyar, as predicted, on the 9th of Mizan, 1369, started a military operation with his rifle above the security posts of the Kabul garrison in Mohammad Agha district of Logar province. But he could not capture a government shell around the city of Kabul. Instead, Uruzgan, which had a garrison of 1,000 members of the armed forces and members of the party, fell due to the compromise and communication of the governor of that province. The situation of Khost city was getting worse day by day and finally Khost fell on the basis of the betrayal of the armed forces of the government and their compromise with the Mujahideen on 16 Hamal 1370. The Mujahideen celebrated the fall of Khost and ended their celebration by looting and looting the last handles of the gates. The Mujahideen took everything, sawed the tanks, and transported the half-burnt wreckage of the planes to Pakistan. Cannons, cars, guns, empty brass and copper shells, tanks, bowls, cauldrons, foodstuffs, stoves, gates, chairs, carpets, curtains, lights, in short, any object that was solid. And it had a name, they looted it, so that anyone who had a rope and a khurjini, did not leave this market of cunning and unhappiness, Mujahidin Mujahideen did not remain in the wall of Khosti and Haqqani became known as "Kabari" in Pakistan. Urdu 462 The situation in other provinces of the country including Kandahar, Laghman, Helmand, Sarubi, Nangarhar, Badakhshan, Ghazni, Logar, Wardak, Badghis, Herat, Badakhshan, Parwan (Salang) and Kabul was also worrying for the government.
[ Two months after the fall of Khost, the Secretary General of the United Nations issued a five-point declaration for a political solution in Afghanistan, which could pave the way for an end to the war and the establishment of an inclusive government, the return of refugees, and the reconstruction of Afghanistan. The UN peace plan was proposed at a time when the Kabul regime thought that its national reconciliation policy had no alternative and reflected the people's wishes.
But the future of war and peace did not depend only on the will of Afghans. Foreign countries that helped the warring parties. They played a decisive role in the continuation or termination of the war. Since the beginning of 1991, the Soviet Union and the United States jointly agreed to refrain from sending arms to their Afghan clients after January 1st. But the communist leaders and among them the army officials and K. J. They were not in favor of continuing to help Najibullah's regime.
Following the previous contacts and meetings of Soviet leaders with Mujahideen leaders in Saudi Arabia and Islamabad on November 12, 1991, Soviet Vice President Alexander Rutskoy hosted a joint delegation of Mujahideen headed by Burhanuddin Rabbani. In the joint declaration that was published at the end of this meeting in Moscow, it was clearly stated that the parties have agreed on the necessity of transferring all the power of the government in Afghanistan to a transitional government of Mujahideen.
With the fall of the Soviet Union, hostages and political factions' struggles in Kabul had escalated more and more. Some of the leaders of the ruling party saw their position in danger by announcing the national reconciliation policy, and some others did not have a correct understanding of the reconciliation and were against the relationship with the Mujahideen. There were oppositions against the national reconciliation plan not only in the party but also in the army and abroad. This had a negative impact on the reconciliation process.
After the Soviet Union and the United States agreed to cut off arms aid to the conflicting parties in Afghanistan, the United Nations expanded its efforts to end the Afghan civil war. Benin Sivan, the UN Secretary General's Special Envoy for Afghanistan, led this difficult mission of transition to peace. Binan Sivan's plan, which resulted in a neutral government with broad bases, could rely on all involved parties over time. The United Nations special representative was able to get the agreement of some parties, including the arrangements and President Najibullah and some members of the Watan party, for a transitional government. But the new political factions within Dr. Najib's government, which is more watered than outside the country, had brought the life of Dr. Najib's government to an end, and the Sivan agreements failed in the last days of the political life of Dr. Najib's government. But some people are of the opinion that Binan Sivan himself was not very sure about the approval of his plan and there was no guarantee from Sivan that the people who were included in the transitional government cabinet could build a system and a government.
ج After the efforts of the United Nations Special Representative to establish a transitional government, Dr. Najibullah, the President of Afghanistan, on March 18, 1992, prepared to hand over power to a transitional government based on the United Nations peace plan. But at this critical moment in Afghanistan's history, some of the regime's armed forces separated from the president. The relations between Dr. Najib and General Abdul Rashid Dostum, the commander of the Uzbek military forces in the north, were strained. General Dostum says, the differences between them started when Dr. Najib was afraid of strengthening his forces. Dostum said that Najib had accused him of having connections with the President of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov.
While the atmosphere of mistrust cast a shadow on the relationship between Dr. Najibullah and General Dostum. Dr. Najib appointed new commanders for the north of the country. This action provoked the reaction of General Dostum and his allies and became an excuse for General Dostum and some northern forces to join the Mujahideen. But some experts of Afghanistan's political issues are of the opinion that the changes and transformation of some northern leadership officials had no role in the position of General Dostum and his allies. My friend to stay in The north should have united with its opponents.
With the dark situation between Dr. Najib and Dostum and preventing Dostum's alliance with the Mujahideen, Dr. Najibullah decided to send General Zahir Azimi to Mazar-e-Sharif to explore the possibilities of reuniting Kabul with Mazar-e-Sharif. But these efforts also did not have a positive message for Dr. Najib and Dostum with his political allies in the north of Afghanistan by capturing Balkh, Faryab, Sarpul, Shaberghan provinces and finally providing communication with the commander Ahmad Shah Masoud, the military leader of the Jamiat and Mohammad Mohaghegh, the commander of the Shia Unity Party forces, for the fall of The entire north and northeast of the country dealt the final blow to the end of Dr. Najibullah's rule.
Following his decision to separate from Dr. Najib's government and join the opposition with whom he has been fighting for years, Dostum said: "As a result of the differences, we saw our position, the people and the north in danger, and we stopped going to Kabul." We discussed and slowly started the work for the fall of the north of the country. "
On April 13, Dr. Najibullah announced that he is ready to resign from his position by the end of April and hand over power to the transitional government. However, there was no news about the transitional government that was supposed to take over the power, and Dr. Najib asked to leave the country on April 16th, in order to better realize the peace process and the government's opponents' trust in this process, but at the Kabul airport, he was killed by the military forces of the coup plotters. Most of them were General Dostum's people.
Dr. Kabir Ranjbar, the head of the Afghanistan Academy of Sciences and a supporter of the United Nations peace plan, says that some members of the leadership of the Watan party and the Urdu generals are against the United Nations peace plan and the government of Dr. Najib launched a coup. Ranjber says that the intensity of the opposition and conspiracies was such that the coup plotters killed the Minister of State Security and some of his employees in his office.

Kabir Ranjbar
"Unfortunately, there has been a military coup against the United Nations peace plan, which all the people of Afghanistan know about. The coup was instigated by a number of foreign countries, a number of army generals, and a number of members of the Watan Party leadership. There were oppositions and conspiracies against the regime to such an extent that they killed the Minister of State Security and the remaining head of the 6th State Security Department along with 13 other people in their office. Dr. Najib, the president of Afghanistan, became a refugee in the United Nations office and the peace plan of the United Nations failed, and after that, the Mujahideen entered the capital and destroyed the lives of the people and citizens of Kabul, and the result was that 65,000 of the citizens of Kabul were martyred. and widespread dishonor took place in the city of Kabul, and the Baitul-Mal was looted in an unprecedented manner. Q: Mr. Ranjbar, who launched a coup against the United Nations peace plan? Can you name the people who were against this plan in Dr. Najib's government and launched a coup?

Kabir Ranjbar
"It is known to all the people of Afghanistan, it is not necessary to mention that 5 or 6 people from our Tajik ethnic groups, under the leadership of Hizb Watan, had secretly communicated with the Islamic Jamiat of Afghanistan under the orders and pressure of the Russians. They launched a coup and defeated the United Nations peace plan. " However, Syed Mohammad Gulab Zvi, the Minister of Interior of Dr. Najib's government, read the United Nations peace plan to end the war and ensure peace in the country, mentioning the names of the leadership members of the Watan Party, army generals and Mujahideen who launched a coup against the peace process, and introduced the coup plotters. He says that the party opponents of Dr. Najibullah and a number of Mujahideen, who saw their position in danger with the implementation of the UN peace process, launched a coup against Dr. Najibullah and the peace process.

Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zoi
The five-point peace plan of the United Nations was a very good and comprehensive plan to end the war and divide power between the Afghan government, its armed opposition and a number of technocrats living in the West. If the UN peace plan was successful, there would not be organized wars in the country, especially in Kabul. 65 thousand Kabulis would not have been killed and 173 thousand others would not have been injured. 75% of Kabul city would not have been destroyed. But a number of Mujahideen and members of the People's Democratic Party, especially the Babrak team coup Carmel against Dr. Najib's government and the United Nations peace plan, caused the failure of this plan. After Mahmoud Baryalay, Babrak Karmel's brother, was released from prison, he secretly communicated with Ahmad Shah Massoud, they hatched a plan to thwart the United Nations peace plan, General Nabi Azimi, General Asif Delawar, General Baba Jan, Noorulhaq Olomi brother Kandahar governor at that time, Abdulhaq Olomi, General Momin, Farid Mazdak, a member of the political party and head of the youth organization, and General Dostum, the commander of sect 53, these people were opponents of the United Nations plan and attempted a coup against it and failed the United Nations peace plan. "
But outside the country, tangible hands also made efforts to defeat the peace process and defeat the government of Dr. Najibullah. Suleiman Laeeq, who was the deputy of Watan Party at that time, says the following about the external factors of the failure of the peace process.

Suleiman Laeeq
"The most prominent factor in the fall of the regime of the Republic of Afghanistan was the lack of understanding of the West.
The West and especially the United States of America were not ready to accept the leftist forces of Afghanistan, which existed as an objective fact in the politics of this country, in general or even partially in the future political arena of Afghanistan.
The second factor of the strategy of the Federal Republic of Russia in Afghanistan was fundamentally different from the strategy of the Soviet Union at that time.
The turn from the Soviet to Russian strategy is due to the Russians' reaction to the events in Afghanistan after the 1990s.

Kabul Wars

With the victory of the coup of the opponents of the peace process and the fall of several provinces in the north of the country, jihadist groups prepared to enter Kabul. Although the high-ranking leaders of the party and the government had not yet left their posts, the resignation of Dr. Najib, the president, had caused psychological turmoil and a power vacuum in the country. In such a situation, the danger of the invasion of the Jihadi groups that had taken a stronghold at the gates of Kabul threatened Kabul. Meanwhile, the "lawyer" member of the political bureau and the foreign minister of Dr. Najibullah's government met with the commander Ahmad Shah Massoud, the head of the military wing of the Islamic community in Jabal al-Sarraj. In this meeting, the lawyer proposed two options for Massoud to transfer power to the Mujahideen and protect the lives of the members of the party. The first option was the formation of a coalition government with the Watan party, which was rejected by Masoud, and the second option, which was a personal proposal of the lawyer and accepted by Masoud, was the unconditional surrender of power to the Mujahideen. But according to some members of the political side of the Watan party, the lawyer had not consulted with any of the members of the Watan party about his personal proposal, and they had no information about the personal proposal of the lawyer. Meanwhile, General Rafi, another member of the political party and vice president, met Golbedin Hekmatyar in Surkhab, Logar province. In this meeting, Rafi promises Golbedin Hekmatyar if the military personnel of the Nizar Council enter Kabul. Hekmatyar's men will also be allowed to Kabul, for this purpose, General Rafi, Watanjar, Pectin, Manuki Mangal and Asadullah Payam used Dostum's forces as an excuse to come to Kabul and tried to change the military balance in their favor by letting Hekmatyar's forces into Kabul. and on the other hand, Mazdak, Kaviani, Vakil and Baryaal, who were in alliance with Massoud, asked for military help from him, and in order to confront Hekmatyar's forces from Parwan, the forces of the Nazar Shura, called the forces of General Baba Jan, landed in Kabul using helicopters. Taking advantage of the opportunity, jihadi groups reached the security posts of Kabul and disarmed the country's armed forces in the name of negotiation and coalition. But which negotiation and which coalition? The armed forces of the country were psychologically in the worst condition. They were looking for excuses and now they had the chance to make the worst excuse. Every commander and every officer sought to establish a connection with the Mujahideen in one way or another, surrender all his existence and property to them, and avoid war with them. The confusion and irresponsibility of the leaders of Dr. Najib's government in such circumstances and its regional reflection had caused chaos and disorder both in the parts of the city center and in the security belts of the city. 29 Hizb Vahdat troops attacked Harbi Shunhi and Mehtab Qala and captured it. The followers of this party and the Ittehad Islamic Sayyaf party have invaded the areas of Kote Sangi, Kompany and Dorah Paghman and looted property from government facilities. On the first day of Thursday, in a pre-planned plan, General Rafi and his fellow soldiers called Jabar Kahraman's forces, who were transferred to the Kariz Mir area to help the security belt of Kabul city, to Farah Kabul, and were sent to the posts and headquarters of the Ministry of Affairs. They divided the interior and Hizb-e-Islami civilians entered the city of Kabul under the cover of their names and were employed and hidden in all these posts. In addition to the northern provinces of the country and around Kabul province, in the provinces of Herat, Badakhshan, Laghman, Badghis, Logar, Kunerah, Paktia, Nangarhar and Zabul, due to the understanding, alliance and betrayal of the armed forces of the government, the Mujahideen were able to take many parts without any war. to occupy these provinces. But in the limited parts of Kabul and the provinces, the forces loyal to the government still remained loyal. occupy many of these provinces. But in the limited parts of Kabul and the provinces, the forces loyal to the government still remained loyal. Nabi Azimi, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the country and the commander of the Kabul Garrison, writes in his book (Army and Politics) about the political, military, economic and social developments during the last few days of Dr. Najibullah's rule and the first months of the Mojahedin's rule: "The situation in Kabul city was getting worse day by day. There are many anonymous people named Jabar Kahraman people roaming around the city. Betrayals, conspiracies, and open and hidden surrenders of the armed forces continued, and the lives of the people of Kabul were completely under threat. On the third day of Thor, a number of districts and districts of Kabul city were under the control or strong influence of Mujahideen. The people of Mullah Ezzat of Jamiat and Commander Sher Alam of Ittihad attacked the armed forces in the north and west of Kabul, and the people of Hekmatyar in the areas of Shineh, Hud Khel, 9th District of Kabul City, Chehal Seton, Jangalek Factory, Pul Gezergah, Chahar Asiya. , they occupied Deh Yaqoub, Bini Hesar, Tepe Khairabad, Darla Aman and Rishkhor Garrison. In the center of the city, a large number of interior ministry units joined Hekmatyar and took orders from him. Hekmatyar had set a deadline until the fifth of Thor. If the government does not hand over the power to the Mujahideen. He will seize Kabul by force. On the 5th of Thor, Hizb-e-Islami people captured the presidential palace, the central committee and the hospital of 400 military beds. At the same time, Majid's people decided to take over the areas occupied by Hizb-e-Islami people from the strength of the 400-bed hospital. . People of the Shia Vahdat party took advantage of the opportunity to occupy Kote Sangi, Karte Se, Dehmzang and Bagh Hash. The people of Anwar Dangar, Mullah Ezzat and Amer Anwar from the Sayyaf coalition in the north and west of Kabul occupied parts, pamphlets and government facilities one after the other and looted their property. "

The First War

On the fifth day of Thor 1371, the people of Kabul felt the rumblings of the civil war. Jamiat-e-Islami and its military wing, including the forces of General Dostum, who were called in a new alliance called the Northern Alliance, entered the city in order to repel the forces of Hizb-e-Islami and occupy the capital, and in the areas of Khairkhane, New Shahr, Kabul Garrison, Sas Derek , the second and third Makroyan and the related parts of Kabul airfield were moved. The passage of military vehicles, armored vehicles, combat vehicles and tanks had created a strange terror on the roads. In the evening of the fifth day of Thor 1371, the sound of light and heavy gunfire could be heard from the rear area of the central hospital of Urdu, Tepe Bibi Mehro, Chaharahi Ariana and Chaharahi Sehat al-Jamah in the whole city. According to the pre-planned plan, the forces of the Northern Alliance had started the clearing operation in order to remove the Hizb-e-Islami forces from the city of Kabul, and the clearing operation of the Northern Alliance was the beginning of the bitter war of Kabul, which was due to the power struggle, widespread death and It has become vast and its flames have turned Kabul and the whole country into a slaughterhouse of citizens. In this war, about 2,000 military personnel of the Kabul garrison under the command of General Nabi Azimi and General Asif Delawar, 800 members of the 53rd Division under the command of Majid Rozi and 1,000 soldiers of Ahmad Shah Massoud under the command of Mullah Mohammad Qasim Fahim. Beggar Commander, Panah Commander and Dr. Abdul Rahman participated. Also, the total number of Hizb-e-Islami fighters in this war reached about two thousand people, whose general administration was led by Golbedin Hekmatyar, whose operational base was located in Sarkhab, Logar province, in joint efforts with the fronts of the central area of Hizb-e-Islami, whose general command was in the hands of Sabour Farid.
In these wars, no one knew whether it was better to live or to die, those who had died were far away from the tumult of war in silence, but those who were alive did not know what to do, they had no explanation for their survival, they took the bodies of their loved ones from Which wreckages should they find and where should they bury them, where should fathers and mothers look for their children in the burnt and destroyed houses. The visions of the scenes of these wars prove that the citizens of Kabul were unaware of the intensity and unruly waves of the war and its bloody continuation. No resident was prepared to face the danger of war. For this reason, the main pressure of the war was imposed on the people. These were the people who were in the front lines of battles, destruction and destruction. When one listens to the words of the people who talk about the crimes of the Mujahideen groups, their actions, procedures and behavior, it becomes difficult, especially the insane acts and actions that have never been seen in the history of Afghans, and even the dreaded army of Genghis and Timurlang. He did not do it during the attack on our land. found out Nabi Azimi Levi Darstizi, who himself participated in these wars, has depicted the situation of the regulatory wars in Kabul like this. "The war in Kabul was intensifying moment by moment and bullets and rockets were raining from all sides. Hekmatyar launched an offensive through Bagrami, which resulted in the areas of Noor Muhammad Shah Mina, Karte Nou, Tepe Maranjan, Chaman Huzuri, Shah Shahid, Ghazi Stadium, and the officers' high course. But Dostum's forces continued to confront them with the units of the armed forces and members of the Nazar Council who were present in the areas of Balahisar, Miwand Road, and Old City... All heavy weapons were used, even airplanes and helicopters, most of the central areas of the capital were removed from the occupation of Hekmatyar's people. After clearing the mentioned areas of Hekmatyar's people, the government forces and their new allies decided to also replace Hizb-e-Vahdat, which was entrenched in Silo, Kabul University, Karte 3 and 4, Kote Sangi, Soviet Embassy and Kabul Zoo. First, they returned and the forces of Ittehad-e-Islami and Hizb-e-Islami, who had captured all the facilities and government bodies located in Shirpur, Shirpur Hills and Shahr Ara areas. Forcefully or voluntarily fired. " The intensity of wars, robberies, revenge and widespread dishonesty in the city of Kabul forced some of the residents of this city to prefer to flee, but others were not able to make a decision. go or stay.[ The people of Kabul are used to the change of governments and in the last two decades they witnessed the overthrow of at least four governments. But this time, thousands of jihadists attacked Kabul. For many of these jihadis, Kabul has been the center and stronghold of the enemy, and according to General Zia-ul-Haq, Kabul must be burned. While the situation in Kabul was getting worse day by day. Leaders of jihadist groups in Pakistan were busy trying to reach an agreement on a transitional council that would take over power in Kabul. On April 24th (1992) in Pakistan, Mujahideen leaders decided to take power as a temporary government in the transitional period by establishing a council of fifty-one people. The leadership of this council was entrusted to Sibghatullah Mujadadi for the first two months and to Burhanuddin Rabbani for the next four months. In this council, the post of chancellorship went to Hekmatyar's Islamic Party, and the vice chancellorship and interior ministry were given to the Islamic Alliance (Syaf). The rest of the government posts were also divided between jihadi organizations. After the final decision of the mentioned council in Peshawar as well as in Kabul, there were many conflicts, clashes and differences between jihadi leaders, which was an important factor in the continuation of subsequent wars in Kabul. At the head of the convoy of the Peshawar team, headed by Hazrat Sibghatullah Mujadadi, the leader of the National Salvation Party, he entered Kabul on 8th Thor 1370 as the first Islamic president of Afghanistan through Pulcharkhi. Mujadadi's arrival in Kabul was not a source of happiness for the people of the capital but caused an impression, and accordingly, no welcome was given to him. People had no desire to express their feelings. Mujadadi was buried in the house of Sardar Mohammad Naeem Khan in the presidential palace, and at 5 o'clock in the evening of the same day (8 Thor 1370), the transfer of power was held in the hall of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the participation of the vice presidents, the heads of the parliaments, Chancellor Fazlul Haq Khaliqyar, cabinet members, some A number of armed forces generals were among the members of the Watan Central Committee. At the beginning of the meeting, Fazlul Haq Khaliqyar and Abdul Rahim Hatef addressed Mujadadi as the head of the Jihadi Council and the first representative of the Islamic State of Afghanistan in their statements, and congratulated him on this position. Power was transferred to Mujadadi, and the fourteen-year life of the previous system in the country ended, and a system that breathes peace and reconciliation from Islam and the high values of the Qur'an came to power. After the end of the assembly, the Jihadi forces who were present at the Foreign Ministry stole the car of Fazlul Haq Khaliqyar, the former prime minister of the country, and at night Jalandershah Behnam, known as Baba Jalandar, the current commander of the 209th Army Corps, Zafar, one of the commanders of the Nazar Council, stole Khaliqyar from his house. took him out and humiliated him in one of their security cells and imprisoned him for several hours. They were not even able to manage the city of Kabul. Because there was no professional and experienced person familiar with government affairs in their cabinet. The commanders who had been trained for years in war and the use of weapons of mass destruction and had spent their lives in the mountains and valleys were alien to the culture and civilization of urban life and did not even learn to read and write. Instead, they were appointed as ministers. Strong intellectual differences, seeking power and not having the necessary criteria in the policy of jihadist groups were among the factors that caused this government not to be recognized by the international community. Only one or two neighboring countries, including Saudi Arabia, recognized the Mujahideen government and that's it. The Mojahedin government was isolated from the international community since its establishment. The first war of Jihadi formations in the Mojahedin government with Hizb-e-Islami Hekmatyar continued until the 10th of Thor and the final attack plan and driving Hekmatyar's forces to Logar province was arranged with the arrival of Ahmad Shah Massoud in Kabul with the help of Nabi Azimi, the commander of the Kabul city garrison. Meanwhile, many parts of Kabul, including government and non-government institutions, were still under the control of irresponsible jihadi armed groups that were busy day and night stealing people's property and lives. In order to purify Kabul and its basic diplomatic areas, they had to start another civil war in the alleys and back alleys of New Shahr, Wazir Akbar Khan, Bagh Bala, Gulle Pashte and other parts of Kabul. On the 15th of Thor, Burhanuddin Rabbani, the leader of the Jamiat-e-Islami, entered Kabul with great fanfare while being greeted by thousands of bullets and air rockets from his supporters. Sayyaf, Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi and Mohseni also entered Kabul with Rabbani. When Rabbani arrived in Kabul, he created another council called the Leadership Council and appointed himself as its head. This council became another power center in front of the Jihadi Council, and the decisions of this council were mostly in complete conflict with the decisions of the Jihadi Council. . Usually, the decisions of this council were made during prayers, which caused confusion and disorder in affairs, and sometimes caused people to laugh and ridicule. In the first meeting of the leadership council, Rabbani announced that the Watan Party was dissolved. Dr. Najibullah and Babrak Karmel and some key members of the party should be tried and the assets of the party should be transferred to the Mojahedin government. To the city of Kabul, the inhabitants brought it to blood and fire. The fire of war was set on one front. Cruelty and cruelty had no limits. In front of the government forces, with the participation of ground and air forces, Hekmatyar's attacks were responded to in a similar manner, in which hundreds of people lost their lives in those days. Thousands of people were injured, bodies were lying in the streets and alleys. There was no ambulance because everything was stolen. People used to carry the dead bodies of their loved ones to health centers using handcarts, gadis and four legs. The city of Kabul was burning and there was no one to put it out because all the fire engines had been stolen by the Mujahideen. The city's water supply, electricity, and telecommunications network equipment were stolen or cut into pieces by rockets, the medical equipment of the hospitals was stolen, a large number of nurses and doctors fled, and a few others were forcibly treated by military forces. Otherwise, they would be beaten. Those were difficult and unforgettable days. The people of the country, especially the citizens of Kabul, never imagined that the Mujahideen would commit such unforgivable crimes against their countrymen. Hekmatyar offered new conditions for negotiation and ceasefire. This time, he demanded the removal of the generals of the former regime from their posts, said that Dostam's militia units should be removed from Kabul, and other units of the armed forces of the previous government should be completely disbanded. Hekmatyar's wish did not come true and on 4th of Juza 1371, he was forced to sign the agreement on the cessation of hostilities and the evacuation of Kabul from the northern forces near Charkhi Bridge in the presence of Ejaz-ul-Haq, the son of General Zia-ul-Haq and General Hamid Gul, the head of Pakistan's intelligence organization, with Masoud. The parties temporarily stopped the war in order to organize and prepare for another war. The war started again and gained wider dimensions. On the one hand, Hekmatyar violated the ceasefire and the citizens of Kabul were once again killed under Hekmatyar's baran rockets, and on the other hand, the war between the Islamic Alliance led by Ustad Sayyaf and the Unity Party led by Abdul Ali Mazari in the fifth and sixth districts of Kabul city. started The war crimes of those days of Jihadi organization whitewashed the criminals of World War II fascism, which took place as a result of ethnic supremacy. In these wars, innocent and defenseless citizens of Afghanistan became victims of religious fascism, ethnic fascism and linguistic fascism. The city of Kabul, this throbbing heart and this holy altar of the country, this heart of paradise, was a wounded and mournful symbol of Asia. Her beautiful body was torn apart, the clean space was full of smoke and gunpowder, and her royal soul was subject to restlessness and anxiety. His enemies were dying and were determined to kill each other, tear each other to pieces, and make streams of blood flow instead of the clear water of Kabul, until there is no name or address left of him. What are the children of the unknown right and xenophobia, what are the unique Mujahideen? In those days, there was no sign of human civilization in the behavior of Jihadi organizations. The city was full of echo and roar of rockets and bombs. Millions of rockets and shells were fired from one side to the other. There were innumerable hand rockets, and from the hand of every foreigner and Arab, these deadly rockets were fired from under the human ear, and they were mixed with the holy sounds of Allahu Akbar and the shouts of Takbir of the tousled haired gunmen, and they made the city of Kabul look like the Day of Judgment. On the day when people are confused and no one is in another mood, everyone runs. They run to get somewhere. In the potholed roads of Kabul, cab cars, Land Cruisers, Peugeots of the latest system with Pakistani license plates, people with alien faces and full of wool and beards are moving this way and that way at breakneck speed. People with Pakistani and Arab commando dresses, people with blankets, pakuls, striped handkerchiefs, sweatpants, handkerchiefs and full of weapons, with red, pink, black, white, orange, wide, short and long beards and curly hair. The ring was sprouting from behind the ears and indicated the recognition of its owner. Women were also going through a difficult time, they were condemned to sit in the corner of the house for a lifetime. The city of Kabul, this throbbing heart and this holy altar of the country, this heart of paradise, was a wounded and mournful symbol of Asia. Her beautiful body was torn apart, the clean space was full of smoke and gunpowder, and her royal soul was subject to restlessness and anxiety. His enemies were dying and were determined to kill each other, tear each other to pieces, and make streams of blood flow instead of the clear water of Kabul, until there is no name or address left of him. What are the children of the unknown right and xenophobia, what are the unique Mujahideen? In those days, there was no sign of human civilization in the behavior of Jihadi organizations. The city was full of echo and roar of rockets and bombs. Millions of rockets and shells were fired from one side to the other. There were innumerable hand rockets, and from the hand of every foreigner and Arab, these deadly rockets were fired from under the human ear, and they were mixed with the holy sounds of Allahu Akbar and the shouts of Takbir of the tousled haired gunmen, and they made the city of Kabul look like the Day of Judgment. On the day when people are confused and no one is in another mood, everyone runs. They run to get somewhere. In the potholed roads of Kabul, cab cars, Land Cruisers, Peugeots of the latest system with Pakistani license plates, people with alien faces and full of wool and beards are moving this way and that way at breakneck speed. People with Pakistani and Arab commando dresses, people with blankets, pakuls, striped handkerchiefs, sweatpants, handkerchiefs and full of weapons, with red, pink, black, white, orange, wide, short and long beards and curly hair. The ring was sprouting from behind the ears and indicated the recognition of its owner. Women were also going through a difficult time, they were condemned to sit in the corner of the house for a lifetime. They mocked mercy, fairness and justice. Cruelty had no boundaries and oppression had broken all boundaries. There was an apocalypse in government offices, institutions, factories, cinemas, clubs, depots, enterprises, companies, banks... Hit and break, plunder and plunder. Chairs, tables, cupboards... had no language that spoke of their lack of culture, cruelty and irresponsibility. Because every table, chair, and other furniture had become firewood for their teapots and pots. Televisions, refrigerators, fans, telephones, coolers, central heating, lamps, groups, sofas, curtains, dressers, toilets... everything was either stolen or by rocket attacks. Or the Kalashnikov and the punctured stinger were out of order. Photocopiers, generators, pumps, jacks, drills and saws were stolen and were sold in the markets of Kabul or Peshawar. In the offices, in the corridors, in the bathrooms, the smell of breath, tobacco, marijuana, urine and human excrement, bothered the human nose, and the smell of infection and filth was nauseating. Smoke, gunpowder and dust filled the atmosphere of Kabul, and the dusty and dusty people of the city were paying back their right of anonymity. In every four roads of the city of command, you can see a shell, trench, armor and tank. Each commander of the independent king was the same four ways. What he said and what he did was the law and he had no retribution. The dominant law in the four roads... Therefore, everything and anyone who passed there, from a bicycle to a horse, from a sheep to a person, was the personal property of the commander, and he was arrested at a single sign. In the city of Kabul, the houses looked dark, sad, sullen, depressed and silent, there was no light in any house. Instead, crying, moaning and shouting could be heard from every door and window. People who cried and mourned the death of their loved ones. Those who could not bury the bodies of their loved ones in the cemetery and inevitably buried them inside the mansions in the courtyard of their rooms during the interruption of the fireworks. People who could not find a salve to heal their wounded corners. They were crying, so that death, nothingness, and the bitter war of Hejran could be felt from every door. What era was it? The time when the price of a human being was reduced to the price of a rifle bullet and a thin cloth of a rocket. Women did not have the right to appear on television. Because the woman's face was not private for men to watch. But the appearance of men's faces was allowed and it was not forbidden for women to watch them on TV. The male speaker should not close points and keep his head in order. Music and film were considered the means of corruption. Because it talked about people's desires and emotional tendencies. Drinking alcohol was forbidden, but no one stopped smoking weed, gambling, or similar games. Murder was freely allowed and was not considered a major sin. Stealing and plundering the property of the government and the people was not considered very important, and the violation of the people's honor was also not wanted. Sayyaf, the leader of Afghanistan's Ittehad-e-Islami Party, said in one of the Friday prayer sermons in Kabul that the soil of Kabul is impure, Kabul should be completely destroyed and its soil should be thrown into the trash. Because this soil is impure, a new city should be built from good and halal soil. A number of Kabul residents thought that these disturbances, murders, barbarisms, thefts, lootings are temporary and have an end. But since those days; Years have passed, but the sworn enemies of this nation, with the change of appearance in the current system, are also engaged in blood-vampire of this nation, and they have not given up their former swindling, political deals and conspiracy against this oppressed nation. Now the wishes are wasted and the hopes have turned into despair. The leadership council decided to close women's organizations, women's associations, and kindergartens, so they ordered it. Maybe someone among them mentioned that all the historical works of the National Museum should be looted and sold. Because the irreplaceable manuscripts of the Noble Qur'an, pen books, works of the students of the hill, ancient coins, decorated and valuable weapons and in short all the treasures and great wealth of the nation melted and sank to the ground or in The markets of Peshawar were auctioned. In every part of the city of Kabul, new markets for secondhand goods were created. These bazaars used to trade and sell old property of houses and government facilities if Golbedoin's rockets allowed them. In these markets, you get what you want at a dead rate. In these markets, from fig flowers to chicken milk, from the latest model windows to the most stylish women's clothes, from carpets to the best velvet curtains, from expensive sofas, furniture, beds to refrigerators, video recorders, air conditioners. And wind turbines were found from industrial machinery to medical and agricultural systems... from hearse cars to bicycles and rickshaws. While the war had taken away the opportunity for work and profession from the people. The scarcity and high prices of foodstuff made the life of the people more and more difficult day by day. But the market of buying and selling ammunition for Mujahideen, drug smugglers, arms dealers, thieves and short-cuts had turned into a market full of rising power and escalation of war. The price of a Kalashnikov rifle was reduced to 5,000 and a Mikarev rifle to 3,000. Hand rockets were bought and sold for seven to ten thousand. Cannons and tanks were sawed and sent to Pakistan at the price of iron and cast iron. The price of an air-to-air rocket in Stengar was bought and sold according to the seller's business intelligence. After looting, looting and stealing the national and people's assets, now it is time to loot the bones of our ancestors. At the request of their Pakistani masters, the domestic criminals used to take the bones of our dead people from the graves and transfer them to Pakistan as a high-grade metal used in the manufacture of Greek medicine. After looting, looting and stealing national properties and people, now it was the turn of looting the bones of our ancestors. At the request of their Pakistani masters, the domestic criminals took the bones of our dead people from the graves and transferred them to Pakistan as a valuable commodity that is used to make Greek medicine. The roots of pistachio and sweet incense trees, which were among the most valuable export items of the country, were also pulled up by the order of Pakistanis and Iranians and transported to that country. A large number of people's personal properties, from Makroyan's apartments to mansions, palaces, commercial and agricultural lands, gardens, shops.... were also confiscated from their owners, contrary to all Shari'a and legal principles and standards for jihadi commanders who wage war. In the city of Kabul, they used to take the deed. The people of Kabul gradually realized that there is no hope for the future. The reality of the times brought the tangible reality of their lives. The calamity with all its dimensions cast a shadow over the people of Kabul. Life had become difficult and terrible. Humans had died and the world around us was drowned in the blood of death and hatred. The cable was already cursed and was throbbing in blood. Hazrat Sibghatullah Mujadadi took over power in a situation where the people and jihadi leaders did not support him. The people because of their destruction and the Jihadi leaders because of gaining power. Rabbani, Mojadadi's main rival, who was forcibly removed from his position by the military force of Massoud, after two months, while Mojadadi was planning to remain in the presidency. Rabbani used to speak with pride and arrogance in his speeches and Friday prayer sermons like the kids in the movie and made people listen to his words. While the country was engulfed in the war of power, thieves and robbers, in his speeches, like a novice mullah, he dealt more with social issues such as dressing, hijab, music, etc. Sibghatullah Mujadadi had no chancellor, no army, Harandavi was destroyed, the government's decisions were nullified in front of the leadership council and its decisions. The only sign of the government of a Mujadadi man was his sitting and working in the citadel. The government did not have enough power and competence and still could not remove even one ministry from the hands of the usurpers. Ahmad Shah Ahmad Zai, his interior minister, lacked efficiency and tact to revive the police order of Dr. Najib's time. Schools and universities remained closed. Centers of science and knowledge were blocked due to lack of security. It became impossible to return stolen government property from individuals and organizations. There was no mention of economic policy. Business was stagnant. The price of raw materials soon rose. Hostilities with Hazrat Sahib escalated to such an extent that even before his two-month term expired, all the arrangements from Rabbani to Khalis gave him a deadline that if he did not hand over the government to Burhanuddin Rabbani within a certain period, according to the decision of Peshawar, they would be forced to do so. The military will remove him. During the two months of Mujadadi's rule, no traces of fundamental political, economic and social programs could be seen in the government. During this time, nothing has been said about the constitution, education, agriculture, formation of a new army, police, trade, economy and development of the country and the way to reach it. Because he had presented various obstacles and schemes in front of him. On the day of handing over power to the Jihadi Council, Mujadadi spoke clearly about this: During this period, many military understandings that resulted in the death and wounding of thousands of our citizens took place in different parts of the country between Hizb-e-Islami, National Islamic Movement, Jamiat-e-Islami, Nizar Shura, Vahdat and Ittihad Islamic groups, which took place with the occupation of the capital. It ended at the hands of the Taliban. But the historical question is, why did the Mujahideen, who waged Jihad by killing millions of people and destroying the infrastructure of the country and seized power from the communist system of Afghanistan, failed to secure a moment of peace in the country? The analysis of the process of wars and political issues during the regulatory wars shows that issues such as power-seeking, ethnocentrism and anti-religion were the main cause and focus of the regulatory wars, the root of which goes back even more to the years of the Thor coup in 1357. During the Cold War and the confrontation between the two superpowers of the East and the West (the United States and the former Soviet Union), fostering and supporting Islamic fundamentalist organizations, parties and organizations in the region was considered an obvious part of the strategy of the West and the United States in the fight against the Soviet Union at that time. Due to that, groups called Mujahideen and Al-Qaeda, the most extreme product of America's support and support, emerged in Pakistan and Iran. These groups were sent to Afghanistan under the umbrella and title of Jihad as fierce and fearsome fighters for armed struggle against the government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which was supported politically, militarily and economically by the former Soviet Union. Jihadi organizations inside and outside the country used the factors of ethnicity, religion, language and region as a tool to strengthen their military structures and still reach power, and in fact, ethnicity and religion were used as mobilizing factors by Islamic fundamentalists. and in this way, the group and specific use of the name and title of language, nation and religion in the strength of the regulatory power and war structures, the clashes and conflicts inherent in the regulations, intensified the deep conflicts among ethnic groups, nations and followers of different religions in an unprecedented way. And they fertilized the seeds of hypocrisy and damaged the national unity of Afghans. However, with the Mujahideen coming to power in the country and the beginning of a new process of seeking power, language, regional, sectional and religious enmities, along with the interventions of foreign countries and the absence of a force called the government, the opportunity to confront the jihadi organizations more than ever is more favorable than ever before make.
  1- "The copy of the Peshawar resolution has not been submitted to me by Master Sayyaf until now. According to the Peshawar resolution, after the completion of the work of the Jihadi Council, the leadership council will start its work, but Rabbani has decided to hold it arbitrarily. Rabbani continues to travel abroad using a special plane for unknown purposes without the government's knowledge. I do not know the details of these trips until now.
  2- Some Jihadi leaders, contrary to the general amnesty order of the government, set up a special court for the employees of the former regime, which has caused public concern and discredited the government.
  3- A number of government offices were occupied by the Ministry of Defense and announced in the name of annexation of that ministry.
  4- Ustad Sayyaf, the designer and founder of the Peshawar Agreement, after entering Kabul started propaganda and sabotage against the government and started a religious and nationalistic war with the help of foreigners and the support of the Ministry of Defense with the Vahdat party.
  5- The Ministry of Defense and Interior have failed to ensure the security of Kabul city and in most cases they have become the cause of insecurity in the capital.
Finally, Mujadadi handed over the power to the leadership council on 7th of Cancer 1371 and the leadership council delegated it to Rabbani for 4 months according to the decisions of Peshawar. During Rabbani's rule, Hekmatyar agreed to send Ustad Saboor Farid to Kabul as chancellor. But Farid and Masoud could not get along and Hekmatyar returned to his previous position. On the 23rd of Cancer of this year, the second war between the Unity Party, the Movement and the Nazar Shura took place in Karte Mamorin, Dehmezang and Karte 3. This time, the war took an ethnic, religious and linguistic nature and its dimensions became wider. Because Karim Khalili, a member of the leadership of the Vahdat party, Ayatollah Fadel and Sheikh Suleiman, one of the other prominent members of this party, were captured and beaten by the Nazar Council, and in turn, the Hazaras captured and insulted General Momin. During these wars, the leadership council held a meeting and impeached Ahmad Shah Massoud in the following cases.
1- What happened to the huge amount of the country's foreign exchange support and what happened to it?
2- Why did Masoud withdraw two million and fifty thousand dollars and Mujadadi two million dollars for the benefit of their own group from the Central Bank of the country.
Failure to secure the city of Kabul, non-compliance with the orders of the leadership council and cooperation with the former military forces were among the issues for which Masoud was impeached. But another battle took place on 18 Asad 1371 between the Nizar Council and the Hekmatyar Islamic Party. In this war, thousands of rockets, mortars and bombs from both sides were fired over the city of Kabul every day, as a result of which half of the city of Kabul was razed to the ground and thousands of defenseless citizens of Kabul were killed. In these days, no birds were flying in the city of Kabul. People used to live in the takoys, sit in the takoys, cook, eat, wash clothes, defecate, give birth, get injured there, and die there. And the people shed tears of sadness over the dead bodies of their loved ones, the houses that did not have a roof surrendered to fate. Bread, flour and raw materials were mostly obtained at night. Hospitals were inactive. The wounded were dying, the way to the cemetery of the righteous martyrs was closed, it was not possible to go to other cemeteries, so the dead smelled, and the burial of the corpses was the biggest tragedy. Kabul International Airport, Ministry of Public Benefits, Slaughterhouse, Ghazi Stadium, private and government buildings on the road, schools and government offices located on the road to the airport were either caught fire due to the rockets hitting, or due to severe damage and were destroyed. went The government printing house, the buildings and machines of Makroyan thermal center and its oil reserves were completely burnt and the fire raged for a week. Silo-Makhreshi, Kabul University, Poltakhnak, Institute of Social Sciences, Intercontinental Hotel and other government facilities caught fire and were either destroyed or pierced by rockets and piercing bombs. Schools and educational courses were closed. The electricity in Kabul city was cut by Hekmatyar. Food and fuel were offered at a very high price in the black market, which was very difficult for others to buy, except for the jihadists who were leading the war. In front of the bakeries, long lines of children, women and men were waiting in the morning hoping to receive a few loaves of bread. Children ate cold food, got sick and died. The price of bread was high and rising every day. The price of one dollar had reached 1500 Afghanis. Trade was stagnant, industries were completely destroyed, the economic wheel of the country was crippled. No one listened to radio and television, people used foreign media, especially BBC Radio and Voice of America, to hear news. The leaders of the crowd, including Rabbani and Massoud, had fled to Kariz Mir and Khairkhane. It is said that Rabbani spends many days and nights in one of the takoys in Deku village. At this time, only Asif Delawar, one of the generals of Dr. Najibullah's government, was in charge of the Mojahedin government and the administration of Kabul wars. This battle was stopped on 23 Asad due to the departure of diplomats and employees of foreign institutions, and it started again with other bloody clashes between the forces of the Nizar Shura and Hezb-e-Islami, and a ceasefire was announced on 6 Sableh 1371. In the month, new positions and alignments took place among the forces involved in Kabul. The forces of the Islamic Union with the members of the Nizar Shura and Hizb-e-Wahdat under the leadership of Mazari formed an alliance with the fighters of the Hezb-e-Islami and the alliance that existed between General Dostum and the Islamic Jamiat and the Nazar Shura was destroyed and Dostum had adopted a neutral position. On October 9, 1992, the term of Burhanuddin Rabbani's presidency ended, but he retained his power and postponed the transfer of power until the Ahl al-Aqd Council was held. On August 30, 2017, there was a fierce clash between the forces of the National Movement and members of the Jamiat-e-Islami Supervisory Council in the areas of Balahisar, Makroyanha, Mohammad Akbar Khan Public Health Square, Bibi Mehro and Kabul International Airport. General Dostum used his military planes to transport the fresh forces of the National Movement and the Unity Party from Mazar-e-Sharif to Kabul and vice versa. This issue upset Masoud and he ordered his forces in Bibi Mehro hill in the evening of 30th of 1371 to prevent Dostum and Vahdat Hizb's military planes from landing on the airfield. The soldiers stationed at Bibi Mehro Hill could not prevent the plane from landing with heavy machine gun fire. The plane landed. Dostam's people and fighters of the Unity Party were able to leave the Kabul airport without any casualties. But at the crossroads of public health, the forces under the command of Masoud were ambushed and ten of them were killed and wounded. After this incident, the forces of General Dostam, who had posted positions in the areas of Makroyan 1, Zaman Khan Fort, Bala Hessar, Ghazi Stadium, Mahmood Khan Bridge, etc., took retaliatory action on the order of Homayun Fawzi, the general commander of Dostam's forces in Kabul. They attacked the shells of Masoud's people. As a result of Makroyan II, III, Shesh Darek, Bibi Mehro, Chahar Sahat Public Health, parts of Wazir Akbar Khan, parts of Arg and Bibi Mehro Hill were occupied by General Dostum's forces. After this incident, Massoud woke up and ordered his forces to dig holes of several meters in all four roads and shells inside the city and move tanks, anti-tank weapons and heavy weapons there. The next day, letters were distributed in the city by Masoud's people. In this evening letter, the joint efforts of the forces of General Dostum, Vahdat Party, National Salvation Party and National Front and the active participation of the members of the Watan party, especially the Parkhami party, were mentioned in order to launch a military coup and seize power. On the other hand, the National Movement also distributed Shabnameh and denied those words and drew a line for Masoud. The Council for Marriage and Marriage was held on 8 Jadi 1371 by the Rabbani government and with the participation of members of the aforementioned family, a number of members of the Islamic Jamiat and commanders of the Nazar Council and some shopkeepers, tradesmen and farmers in the hall of the Ministry of Interior Affairs and the participants of this The Council elected Rabbani as the President of Afghanistan for a two-year term on the 9th of Jadi Month. Friends and enemies of Rabbani's government, such as the National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan, Hizb-e-Wahdat and Hizb-e-Islami Hekmatyar, were angry with this work of Rabbani and Masoud and formed the Islamic Revolution Coordination Council in a military alliance. On the 10th of the month of Jedi, 1372, this council decided to destroy the Rabbani government with a military attack from three factions. Hizb-e-Islami forces started their attack through Pulcharkhi and captured Hodkhel and Yeka Tut areas. Hizb Vahdat attacked Dehmzang and Silo and tried to capture Bibi Mehro Hill through Musa Castle and Wazir Abad. The forces of the National Movement from Tepe Maranjan, Bala Hesar, Ghazi Stadium, Makroyan I and Qala Zaman Khan started their attack against the posts of the Nizar Shura and Jamiat-e-Islami, and another destructive conflict had started in Kabul city. This war lasted for 18 days, which resulted in countless casualties and loss of life and money. In this war, tens of thousands of defenseless people living in the twelve districts of Kabul were killed and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. However, with the Mujahideen coming to power in the country and the beginning of a new process of seeking power, linguistic, regional, sectional and religious enmities, along with the interventions of foreign countries and the absence of a force called the government, the opportunity to confront jihadist organizations more than ever before. Facilitate construction. Still, some analysts were and still are of the opinion that the Mujahideen were not built for governance, peace and productivity. These analysts say that the intelligence organizations of the West, especially the intelligence organizations of the United States of America, England, and the intelligence organizations of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, etc., are training the Mujahideen to fight against the communist system and fight against the Soviet occupation. They were taught not to take control of affairs and rule. Some religious scholars of Afghanistan are also of the opinion that the Mujahideen did not do anything to change their piety and negative sensuality during the Jihad. They were not infatuated with service, but they were hungry for power, who woke up as soon as Dr. Najib's government was defeated and the cities were captured, and they roamed everywhere like dragons to get power, wealth and wealth of the people. These scholars say that Jihadi parties and organizations, instead of being the cause of a culture of peace and creativity, became the cause of divisiveness, ethnocentrism, religionism, civil war, looting and lack of culture in the country, and they destroyed the honor of the Afghan people who lived during the Jihad. And with the withdrawal of the Soviet forces, they had gained and lost, they fell into the trap of material, ethnic, religious, regional and power-seeking issues. Accordingly, they won the minor Jihad, but failed in the Greater Jihad, which is the fight against selfishness. Another factor of the regulatory wars was the political and biased interventions of the neighboring countries in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. Unfortunately, these countries were not optimistic about peace and stability in Afghanistan, and perhaps they did not consider peace and stability in Afghanistan to their advantage. Of course, some countries of the world were and are complicit in the country's civil wars with their silence and some countries with their interventions. The most severe war, as a result of which Afghan honor, Afghan dignity, Afghan pride, Afghan history and Afghan human dignity were destroyed and tens of thousands of Kabul citizens were massacred in a heinous way that history rarely remembers. Two big and well-known Jihadi organizations, namely Jamiat Islami Afghanistan led by Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani and Hizb Islam Afghanistan led by Engineer Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, were formed. The most intense war, as a result of which the honor, dignity, honor, history and human dignity of Afghans were destroyed and tens of thousands of Kabul citizens were massacred in a horrible way that history rarely remembers. And the name of Jihadi, the Islamic Jamiat of Afghanistan, led by professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, and the Islamic Party of Afghanistan, led by engineer Golbedin Hekmatyar, took place. The monopoly of power by President Rabbani's team and Mr. Hekmatyar's power-seeking are among the main reasons for the war between the two regimes. I have tried for more than a year to ask Professor Rabbani in an exclusive interview why he monopolized power and deprived other jihadi organizations from participating in the country's political process. But Professor Rabbani did not agree to be interviewed on this matter and the answer to this question remained unanswered. But Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim, the first vice president of Hamid Karzai and the Minister of State Security of the Mojahedin government, and one of the main designers and implementers of the organizational wars in Kabul, from the military branch (Shawari Nazar) of the Jamiat, who in 2006 was recognized by Human Rights Watch as a One of Afghanistan's war criminals has been introduced. He sees the cause of the Kabul wars in a claim that has been rejected by other Afghan political and jihadist leaders in the interventions of foreign countries, especially the military intelligence organization of Pakistan, and not in the monopoly of power by the Rabbani government.

Marshall
"Telling the truth about the Kabul wars is sensational. I was the security minister of the Mojahedin government. At that time, the interventions of foreign countries, especially our neighboring countries Pakistan and the like, were very clear. In the regulatory wars, a large number of gunners and advisers of Hizb-e-Islami, Mr. Hekmatyar, were the officers and senior employees of Pakistan's intelligence agency. A number of Arabs who today work at the leadership level of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda had united with Hizb-e-Islami with the help of Pakistan's intelligence agency and were fighting against the Mujahideen government. We arrested dozens of them from Pulcharkhi and Rishkhor areas. The Mojahedin government had never monopolized power and all arrangements were shared in our government.
But Vahidullah Sabavon, one of the advisers of President Hamid Karzai and the deputy of Hizb-e-Islami, Hekmatyar, says that he is one of the main designers and implementers of regulatory wars.

Vahidullah Sabavon
"Hizb-e-Islami wanted peace, the party said that we are the party of Afghanistan, we have influence in the north, east, west and south of Afghanistan, we must achieve our political, military and social rights in the Afghan government, but the Jamiat-e-Islami and the Nazar Shura with the help of the military The remnants of Dr. Najibullah's army attacked us in the last days when power had not yet been transferred to the Mujahideen. Rabbani and his gang wanted the opposition to weaken and this caused the war between Hizb-e-Islami and Jamiat-e-Islami to start. " Engineer Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai is another Jihadi leader of the Ittehad Islamic Party of Afghanistan, who served as the Minister of Interior for a period of time and as the Acting Prime Minister of Afghanistan during the regulatory wars. He rejected the claim of the representatives of these two arrangements. Blaming both organizations, he says that these two organizations fought the most and massacred civilians to gain power.

Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai
"In the wars of Kabul, Jamiat-e-Islami and Hizb-e-Islami Afghanistan organizations fought more than other organizations and they are more accused than others.
These two organizations fought for power and massacred innocent people." Sheikh Mohammad Asif Mohseni, another Jihad leader (the leader of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan) and one of the other parties to the Kabul regulatory wars, sees the cause of these wars only in the desire for power and selfishness of the Jihadist leaders of the country.
Mohseni accuses the jihadi leaders of trying to destroy each other and says that each of the jihadi leaders wanted to destroy the other and be the absolute ruler of the country.

Sheikh Mohammad Asif Mohseni
"The cause of the Kabul wars was only the desire for power, selfishness and lust of the Jihadi leaders of the country. For the Jihadi leaders, ensuring security, national unity and peace of the people was not important. Each arrangement, each leader did not accept one another and wanted to destroy each other and be the absolute ruler of the country. " People did not care about them. Each organization and each leader did not accept each other and wanted to destroy each other and be the absolute ruler of the country. "
Ignorance, ignorance, power-seeking of Jihadi leaders, lack of national feeling, patriotism and culture of tolerance are other reasons cited by Jihadi leaders regarding the many years of Kabul's regulatory wars. Mohammad Akbari, one of the leaders of the Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan, who himself has been the leader of the organizational wars in the west of Kabul, sees the main problem in the desire for power, immaturity and ignorance of the jihadist leaders.

Akbari
"The desire for power, immaturity and ignorance that existed in the leaders of the jihadi parties became a factor so that they could not control their own people. The inability of jihadist forces to penetrate and provoke external factors. The entry of ignorant and ignorant jihadi armed groups into Kabul, the rawness, inexperience, poverty and illiteracy that existed among the country's jihadi parties were all the reasons for the organizational wars in Kabul."

The main commanders of both sides of the war
The main role and leadership of this disaster and the most obvious wars was the responsibility of the commanders and senior members of the war factions. Hekmatyar, the leader of Hezb-e-Islami, was located in his headquarters, first in Surkhab, Logar Province, and later in Chahar Mill, in the southeast of Kabul city, which was equipped with extensive security arrangements and fire and defense systems. Even though his positions and positions were being bombarded by the planes of Shuran Nazar under the command of "Masoud" and the militias flying from Mazar-e-Sharif, Bagram and Khwaja Rawash, and the enemy's artillery and rocket fire continued, he was aware of that. Al-Khish Ghand's 29th training camp of the army, which had the systems and facilities of the military training camp, provided the rear supply line of his front to the south, beyond the borders, to Islamabad. He had chosen his camp site. This state of al-Jish has the possibilities of using the hidden and protected areas there, as well as the fields of rejection and exclusion. He had provided him with the ground and air attacks of the opponent. Due to his guerilla skills and the use of tricks and tactics on his part, he was able to keep the forces of the Nazar Council and his coalition busy in the western belt of Shir Darwazah and with surprise attacks, the eastern area and the center of the city were attacked and hit by heavy fire. put your But he was not able to watch the battle scenes from that distance. where his musketeers had created fire and destruction. The wave of fire that was fired from the positions of Hizb-e-Islami had turned the city into a hell of blood and fire. In the area of Shah Shaheed, Noor Muhammad Shah Minah, Bagrami, around Balahisar and Mozuri lawn, there was almost no house left whose roof was not pierced by tank bullets, rockets and heavy weapon fire from both sides of the war and bombs from the planes of the Nazar Shura and the militias. Almost in those areas, there was hardly a family that did not suffer damage from this war. Ahmad Shah Massoud, the commander of the Nazar Council during the wars of that day, was located in his operative camp in Mount Asmai, which was equipped with the most powerful firearms. He was in charge of leading and managing the northern and Parwan warriors in these wars. The all-round support of foreign sponsors of these wars made Masoud cruel, proud and confident of victory through military means. Therefore, with his arrival in Kabul, the regulatory wars were intensified. While Masoud was the commander of the war front against Hizb-e-Islami, which had the military and intelligence support of Pakistan. His uncoordinated warriors, who were stationed anywhere in the city, had turned it into a hotbed of looting, looting, and embezzlement of personal property and national wealth. The lack of military knowledge and expertise, non-observance of the normal principles of war, coherence and war summons are among the factors that caused Massoud's complete victory in these wars. For this reason, he relied on the techniques of guerilla warfare. In this way, the country's capital was under the double pressure of Hizb-e-Islami and Shura Nizar in these wars, and it suffered losses and damage from the war. In this war, Masoud looked at the city from the sky with a victorious face and terrifying arrogance. In the glare of his armed eyes, volcanoes of flames, columns of exploding rockets, the roar of bombardment planes that played the symphony of hell caught his attention. The south and southeast areas of Kabul turned into a sea of blood and fire, smoke and darkness, and thousands of innocent women and children of Kabul were dragged to the ground and blood. The observation of war scenes by Masoud from Asma'i exactly reminds one of similar events in the past history: Nero was one of the emperors of ancient Rome, he himself set fire to the city of Rome and watched it and wrote a poem with the theme "O Rome, how beautiful you are burning." When Hitler, the fascist dictator of Germany, occupied Poland at the beginning of World War II and set Warsaw on fire, he told his senior officers, "Let's go and see the beautiful ruins of Warsaw." But Ahmad Shah Massoud, the country's national hero and war engineer, stood a neck higher than the world's most famous fighters and occupiers, watching the fire that he had ignited with his own hands. Masoud watched the massacre of civilians, the cries of the wounded, the cries of children, the sighs and groans of mothers and fathers, the smoke and fire and the destruction of Kabul from the heights of Mount Asmai, which was caused by his and Hekmatyar's selfishness. The increase in human casualties, destruction and huge economic losses and the lack of complete victory over one side of the war did not reduce the intensity of the wars, but created an obvious stalemate on the war fronts, which was to the detriment of the foreign sponsors of the war. Also Golbedin Hekmatyar who was disappointed to get power. The presence of Dostum's fighters in Kabul was used as an excuse and he started another war. In this regard, Pakistan, which was tired of the stalemate of the war, tried to change the course of the war in favor of Hizb-e-Islami. For this purpose, under the direct pressure of his intelligence elements, he held negotiations between the two main factions of this period of wars on the 4th of the month of Gemini in Shineh area of Kabul, as a result of which the first peace treaty was signed between the warring parties. In these negotiations, it was decided to stop the war permanently, to withdraw all parts of northern militias from Kabul, to dissolve all parts of the previous regime, to remove their high-ranking people from power, and to hold presidential elections within six months. Not two days had passed since the Shineh treaty, when all the promises were violated. The sound of roaring guns, cannons and warplanes destroyed the relative joy that people had towards these commitments. The conflicting parties used the opportunity of two days to consolidate their positions, provided their necessary weapons and ammunition, and on the morning of the 6th of Gemini, firecrackers were fired and the war resumed. The conflicting parties (Northern Alliance, Hizb-e-Islami) accused each other of violating the Sheena Treaty in their extensive propaganda. But the question is, what did Golbedin achieve with this request? Was Gulbadin trying to separate Masoud's powerful military friend from the government, weaken Masoud's war machine and capture Kabul or...?

Vahidullah Sabawon
"Look, Massoud was weakened in the war, he could not capture even one of our shells, and it was the people's wish that the militias of Dr. Najib's government and the military units that were related to the intelligence should be disbanded, not our wish, and secondly, all the military units are from residential areas. to leave the city of Kabul, they agreed and left Kabul. " But in addition to the fact that Dostum's units did not leave Kabul, after the Shineh negotiations (1373), Hizb-e-Islami united with Dostum's militias and Mazari's Unity Party, created the Military Coordination Council and launched a coup against the Rabbani government.

Vahidullah Sabawon
"After three years of war between jihadist organizations, the Unity Party was dissatisfied with the government and came to our side. Then Master Ata and the movement started a war in the north, and again in Makroyan between the Nazar Shura and the movement. Accordingly, my friend was upset and joined Hizb-e-Islami, then we started the war against the government in a coordination council. " Q: Wasn't it possible that the opponents chose the path of peace and negotiation instead of war and bloodshed?

Vahidullah Sabavon
They should have chosen another way, it was the government's right to negotiate with the opposition, a force, a political party that has millions of members throughout Afghanistan, they did not consider what would happen. The work for peace should have been from both sides, not the monopoly of power and war.

Religious war in the west of Kabul

The arrival of northern alliance fighters (Nazar Council, Dostam militias) and Hizb-e-Islami people in late 1371 to occupy the country's capital led to the collapse of the administrative system, the armed forces and the looting of all the country's assets. Also, the competition of other Jihadi organizations over the military occupation of the capital was greatly stimulated and the conditions for the political and military competition of the countries near and far from Afghanistan became more and better than in the past. At the same time, the neighboring countries got a good chance to spread sectarian and religious ideology, ideas, thinking and attitudes in the country. The influx of socialist ideas from the north, extreme fundamentalism, Wahhabism and al-Qaeda from the south, and Shiism from the western borders into the country are the characteristics of that time. The establishment of the Islamic Union and the Islamic Unity Party with their ideological, intelligence, political, military and economic affiliations with the Salafist Arabs of Saudi Arabia and Iran has become a good and attractive means for spreading the sectarian, religious and political ideas of the aforementioned countries. are But the deep differences between these two parties are rooted in the main differences between their supporters, i.e. Saudi Arabia and Iran. 297 With the occupation of the capital by Jihadi groups, the arrangements of Islamic Unity and Ittihad Islamic, relying on military, political and material support from abroad, succeeded in occupying parts of the western and southwestern regions of the city. These two organizations, which had a grudge rivalry from the past, plunged into power wars in which the elements of ethnicity and religion were clearly visible. The military units of both groups were anchored in the west and southwest of Kabul like a monster in the alleys and back alleys with preparations and strong summonses for a military attack against the other party. The peaceful days of people west of Kabul also ended and on the 10th day of Gemini 1371, the war began with the roar of the most dangerous fireworks. Apparently, the motivation of this war was the killing of four commanders of the Unity Party in the central silo area of Karte Mamorin, Kabul.

Other factors of the war between Unity Party and Ittihad Party

First, both organizations were trying to control more areas in the west of Kabul. Control and sovereignty in this area meant mastering a vital city, ruling over half of Kabul city, and having a strong presence in Rabbani's government. For this purpose, these two organizations had to fight each other to secure their political, economic, and social interests. At the same time, the neighboring countries got a good chance to spread sectarian and religious ideology, ideas, thinking and attitudes in the country. The influx of socialist ideas from the north, extreme fundamentalism, Wahhabism and al-Qaeda from the south, and Shiism from the western borders into the country are the characteristics of that time. The establishment of the Islamic Union and the Islamic Unity Party with their ideological, intelligence, political, military and economic affiliations with the Salafist Arabs of Saudi Arabia and Iran has become a good and attractive means for spreading the sectarian, religious and political ideas of the aforementioned countries. are But the deep differences between these two parties are rooted in the main differences between their supporters, i.e. Saudi Arabia and Iran. 297 With the occupation of the capital by Jihadi groups, the arrangements of Islamic Unity and Ittihad Islamic, relying on military, political and material support from abroad, succeeded in occupying parts of the western and southwestern regions of the city. These two organizations, which had a grudge rivalry from the past, plunged into power wars in which the elements of ethnicity and religion were clearly visible. The military units of both groups were anchored in the west and southwest of Kabul like a monster in the alleys and back alleys with preparations and strong summonses for a military attack against the other party. The peaceful days of people west of Kabul also ended and on the 10th day of Gemini 1371, the war began with the roar of the most dangerous fireworks. Apparently, the motivation of this war was the killing of four commanders of the Unity Party in the central silo area of Karte Mamorin, Kabul. Another reason for the war between these two organizations was the confusion of Hizb Wahdat Islami, which considers itself the supporter of the rights of the Shiites and the Hazaras of Afghanistan and enjoys the full support of Iran, due to the decisions of the meeting of the heads of the Afghan Sunni jihadist organizations in Peshawar. According to the decisions of this council and according to the ethnic, religious and political motivations of the Sunni Jihadi organizations, the presence of the Shiite Islamic Unity Party in the next government of Afghanistan became impossible, for this reason, the Hizb-e-Hadat wanted to use To strengthen his military force through religious and ethnic tricks and show off his strong military and political presence. It should not be forgotten that Jamiat-e-Islami and Shura-e-Nazar, which were the main cause of regulatory wars in the country to complete the monopoly of power, did not have the power and ability to expel other jihadi organizations through military means, and to remove their obstacles, they must use game tactics. Satan used it. The use of these tactics was the most useful way to fight these two powerful organizations (Islamic Unity and Islamic Unity) in the west of Kabul. With this tactic, Shura Nazar hits two targets with one arrow. Firstly, it made the jihadist groups located in the west of Kabul weak in terms of military, political, economic and social aspects, and secondly, it prevented the greater inability of its war machine, which was created based on political differences with the Northern Alliance and the struggle for breath with Hizb-e-Islami. to do Accordingly, at the beginning of the conspiracy and spreading lies to deceive these two organizations and engage them in war and ultimately weaken and suppress them, one of the commanders of the Nazar Council, by the order of Ahmad Shah Massoud, killed four of the commanders of Hizb Vahdat in the Silo area. reached and put it on the responsibility of organizing the Islamic Association of Master Sayyaf. It should not be forgotten that religious issues are a historical complex between the Shia and Pashtun Mojahedin groups. For this purpose, people of both groups (Etihad and Vahdat) fought using their religious beliefs.
According to Taj Mohammad Mujahid, ideological differences between the Sunni and Shiite leaders of Kabul were the driving force behind other wars in the west of Kabul. Mujahid says: "Master Sayyaf studied in the Arab country of Egypt. The Arabs, especially the Salafist Arabs, say that the Shi'ites are infidels. Beat his head, take his wife and property, and the Shi'ites also say that the Arabs are infidels." A number of Arabs were with Ostad Sayyaf, and according to this opinion, they provided the expenses of Ostad Sayaf's fighters. They asked Master Sayyaf to intensify the war, but Sayyaf did not do so. They went ahead of Sayyaf to Chahar Mills and from there they tried to kill Sayyaf. But the children of Vahdat were more successful than the Arabs. The people of Hizb Vahdat killed 12 of these Arabs in their sleep in four mills. In addition, some members of the Islamic Union also think like Salafi Arabs. Commander Mullah Mashr and Mullah Amir Mohammad, two commanders of the Islamic coalition from Kandahar, came to Kabul with the same opinion and started the war in Gote Sangi and the road. "

But Sayyaf rejects the religious differences between his organization and the Shiites and says that
"If the wars in Kabul had religious roots, why would we be together during the resistance period? At the time of my resistance, Professor Khalili, Professor Mohaghegh, Anuri, the late Kazemi, they were Shiites, why were we sitting together in the same Pahlavi stronghold. We were there together, we resisted the opponents from a trench, and we ate bread together and sat together.
If these discussions and disagreements had religious roots, we should have been far away from each other. It is true that I studied in Egypt, but these sensitivities did not exist there. Our relationship with the entire Islamic world is the same, we love all Muslims. "
Also, the role of Sheikh Muhammad Asif Mohseni, the leader of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan, in the wars is very impressive.
The Islamic Movement wanted to make the Hazaras pessimistic about the Unity Party and draw their attention to the Islamic Movement.

The beginning of the war in the west of Kabul

On the 10th day of Gemini 1371, the news of the assassination of four commanders of the Unity Party in the city of Kabul, especially in the western and southwestern areas of the city, which both had a heavy military presence, spread quickly. In front of the members of the Islamic Unity Party, in an act of revenge, "Haji Shir Alam" attacked one of the famous commanders of the Islamic Union in the Red Bridge area, as a result of which three of his bodyguards were killed and injured, thus the first war between the parties. Islamic unity and unity began and continued for more than four years. General Seyyed Abdul Qudous "Seyed", one of the generals of Dr. Najibullah's regime, who was present in Kabul during the regulatory wars, writes this in his work (Kabul Wars). With the beginning of the first sparks of the war in Red Bridge, the flames of war engulfed the entire region. Dehmezang public road, Dehmezang to Soviet Embassy to Daralman, Kote Sangi, Chahar Silo road, parts of Afshar, Khushal Khan Mina and areas from Qala Vahad to Kompani area formed the front line of the war. In these areas, from one alley to another, from one repair to another, from one house to another, house to house war had started. On the first day of the war, the parties fired at each other with all their power and with all the heavy and light weapons they had, and these were the civilians of the mentioned areas, who were victims under the intense rocket attacks of these two groups, and were tortured for the crime of ethnic, religious and linguistic issues. They were dying. " For more than a year, I tried to get the opinion of the leaders of the Islamic Unity Party about these murders and wars, but they did not agree to be interviewed, and the leaders of the Jamiat-e-Islami, including Marshal Mohammad Qasim "Fahim", who in part of this report, are willing to express It was thought that he got angry after hearing this question and reacted negatively. However, Seyyed Hossein Alami Balkhi, one of the political leaders of the Unity Party and the people's representative in the Wolesi Jirga of Afghanistan, considers the killing of these commanders to be the work of the Shura's intelligence elements. Balkhi says, "The killing of Hizb Vahdat commanders was carried out by a number of intelligence elements of the Nazar Shura, who were also members of the armed forces during the government of Dr. Najib." Abdul Rab Rasool "Syaf", the leader of the organization of the Islamic Union and one of the accused of war crimes, has denied the killing of the commanders of the Unity Party by the members of his organization and says: "The commanders of the Unity Party were killed by a power-seeking group, not by the members of the Islamic Union. " Continuing his speech, Sayyaf said: "Our party and the Islamic Unity Party fought several times as a result of the movements and intrigues of the same power-seeking group." God is a witness that we did not have an opinion or a plan for war. We were attacked in these wars and we only defended ourselves. " The second war between Hizb-e-Wahdat led by Abdul Ali Mazari and Ittehad-Islami led by Sayyaf took place on the 28th of Cancer this year (1371) in Kabul. The main reason for this war was the rocket attacks that took place on the positions of these two groups. At the same time, the bodies of thirteen Hazaras were also discovered in Shahr Square and Arghandi areas, who were said to have been killed by members of Ittihad Islami. In response, the Vahdat Party also put the areas of Paghman district under the fire of heavy weapons. In this war, the Nazar Shura also rushed to the aid of the Islamic Alliance and, at the request of the Islamic Alliance, put the areas under the control of Hizb Vahdat under the most severe rocket attacks and aerial bombardment. Mawlavi Yunus's "Khals" Islamic Party also announced its support for the establishment of the Islamic Union, and Khalis left Rabbani's government and the leadership council, and announced that the reason was the participation of Shia groups in the leadership council and the government by Rabbani. Maulvi Yunus "Khals" said: Rabbani has acted against the Peshawar treaties by empowering the Shiites in the leadership council and the government. In the second war, Rahman Baba High School, Kote Sangi, Fifth District, De Buri, Jamal Minah Districts, Kabul University, Kabul Medical Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Aliabad Hospital, Red Cross Orthopedic Hospital, Tepe Salam, Karte Chahar and Afghanistan TV transmitter office in Mount TV...was razed to the ground by the fire of the heavy weapons of the parties involved. This war continued until 17 Asad of the same year in the third, fifth, sixth and seventh districts of Kabul city. But the question is, what made the arrangements of the Islamic Unity and the Islamic Union to launch a rocket attack on other areas after the bloody and deadly war that they had called a ceasefire. According to the interviews conducted with the senior military and political officials of these two groups, it is clear that this time, the Islamic Jamiat of Afghanistan, especially its military branch (the Nizar Council), due to the strategy of monopolizing the power of expanding influence, making the jihadist groups in the west incapable Kabul, and finally removing them from the front, would have to kill and cause more bloodshed and more massacres in the streets and back alleys of the west and southwest of Kabul. Based on this, the members of the Islamic Jamiat Watch Council in a detailed intelligence program in the Qala Abdul Hadi area, below the Arghandi Paghman Chowk in the fifth district of Kabul city, took a position in the front line of the battle between the Unity Party and the Islamic Ittihad Party, and on a relatively calm day, the positions of each Both sides are subjected to rocket attacks at the same time. so that both hostile setups think that they were attacked by the other side and take retaliatory measures. Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf, the leader of the organization of the Islamic Union, expresses his vision in this regard.

Sayaf
"After the truce of the first war between the organization of Islamic unity and Islamic unity. I was sitting with some of my friends in Paghman at the headquarters of the Islamic Union when suddenly several mortar shells hit around us. I told my people to contact the peace committee through the radio and tell them that while the ceasefire is in effect, why is the Vahdat party firing rockets? It was at this moment that a number of my people informed that they received a call from the Vahdat party and they also shouted.
They are killing us because we were attacked by Paghman while there was a ceasefire, why are you firing rockets, a number of women and children were killed here. I ordered my men. For you to see who fired these rockets, from where and why, moments later my nephew came from the front line. His camp was in Arghandi Chowk and he had gone to the vicinity of the front line of the war to visit our positions. He told us that in the area of Abdul Hadi Castle, some unknown armed people with several mortars from within the same time towards Paghman and the plains. He was shouting and when we found out that they are foreigners and should be arrested, they ran away from the area. We are so sure that these people were not related to the organization of Ittihad Islami and Hezb Vahdat Islami. There was a third group that had been able to move themselves into the front line of the war by using the influence and connections they had with both of them. "

The beginning of the second war between Vahdat party and Rezarat Etihad

The rocket attacks of the third group worked and the groups that wanted war in the region got their wish. The bloody battle began with the firing of thousands of Oragan rockets, Luna, Seker, Cluster, Beam 40, Beam 21, etc. In this war, tens of thousands of residents of Qargha, Afshar, Karte Mamorin, Silo, Khushal Khan, Qala Vahad, Divanbeigi, Fazel Bey, Niaz Bey, Mirwais Maidan, Dasht Barchi, Qala Shadeh, Jamal Mina, Karte three and four, Dehmzang were killed. ... were killed and wounded or fled from the area. The warriors of the conflicting parties took advantage of the situation and committed widespread dishonor. In the broadcasts under its control, the members of the Islamic Union attacked the houses of Hazaras and Shiites, sexually assaulted some girls and women, and took others with them along with some men. People's houses and property were looted. The Vahdatis also started to act like this. In the areas under their control, members of the Unity Party attacked the houses of Sunnis (Pashtuns and Tajiks), raped girls and young women, and took others with them. The Vahdatis kept their captives in Koti Gani, Scott Square, Kabul University, Institute of Social Sciences, De Buri and most of their military bases. A number of prisoners who were able to escape from the torture centers of Vahdat party by paying money or exchange, told shocking stories about the torture and killing of captives by the members of Vahdat party, for your further information, we have published the interviews of these compatriots on the pages We will write about it later. But what is the opinion of the main actors of these wars?

Professor Sayaf
"We do not discuss who started the war, who was to blame and who was not, because it is not in the interest of the people, the country and national unity. This will be judged by history and a real judge. What were the main causes and factors of these conflicts and where did they start? When the conflict started, we did not know why, how and why it started. But the love of power on the part of some regulations and interventions of foreign countries on the other hand were the reasons for these wars. " Also, Mohammad Akbari, one of the former leaders of the Vahdat party, told me during an exclusive interview about these wars:

Akbari
"Saying the right of Awad to heal the wounds of our society will sometimes cause another controversy.
Another tragedy is added to the miseries of our society. I have these considerations. What I know, I cannot tell you everything because I know that telling the truth in the current situation is not in the interest of the system and the national unity of the country. But I remembered the whole truth of the Kabul wars, which will be published in the form of a book after my death. But now I can't say anything more than that. " Abdul Ali Mazari, the slain leader of Hizb Wahdat-e-Islami, said in an interview to the reporter of Afghanistan National Register about the regulatory wars that: "If we do not prove 60% of Mr. Masoud's hand in these wars that have been imposed by the cold, we have 40% of it with a clear document that proves that Ahmad Shah Masoud is responsible for the regulatory wars between Hizb Vahdat Islami and Ittihad Islami in the west of Kabul. "
Despite many efforts and contacts that I had with Jamiat-e-Islami officials and the Nazar Council, no one was willing to be interviewed about these claims.

Wars of the Vahdat Party and the Nazar Shura

A fierce war broke out between the forces of Hizb-e-Vahdat and the Nazar Shura on the 5th of Cancer 1371 in Kabul city. As a result, a number of our compatriots were killed and injured. But the main destructive and woman-burning battle between the fighters of these two organizations, including Sheikh Mohammad Asif Mohseni's movement party, began on the 23rd of Cancer in Karte Mamorin, Dehmzang, Chandavel, Pamir Cinema,... with a wider nature and dimensions. Apparently, the cause of this war was the capture and beating of prominent members of the Vahdat party, such as Karim Khalili, a member of the leadership of the Vahdat party, Ayatollah Fadel and Sheikh Suleiman by the Nizar Shura, and in return, General Momin was captured and insulted by the members of the Vahdat party. But the point of confrontation of all three parties (Wahdat, Islamic Movement, Nizar Shura) and the beginning of the power monopoly war on the part of the Rabbani government and the Nazar Shura and the confusion of the Vahdat and Movement party from not reaching power was. Vahdat Party, like most organizations, was deprived of political, military and economic power during the Mujadadi and Rabbani regimes. The limited skins that were considered by the Mujadadi government for this party were skins with responsibility, whose authority was in the hands of Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud. Also, the Ministry of National Security and the headship of two other ministries, which were given to the members of the Unity Party by Mujadadi, were also given to the Jamiat-e-Islami family after Rabbani came to power. On this basis, the Vahdat party got angry at the treatment of Rabbani's government, and in order to gain power with competence, it left the government and took the path of war. Ostad Akbari, one of the leaders of the opposition to the Vahdat party's war, says about the organizational wars of his party:

Akbari
"I cannot say who is guilty and who is not. Vahdat Party announced its policy during the clashes and had a justification for itself. That is, ethnic groups should have a proportionate and fair presence in the composition of the government. I did not disagree with the statement of the other members of the party. That is, power should not be monopolized by one party and one people. Anyone who played a role in the victory of Jihad should play a fair role in the future of Afghanistan according to their physical existence. I did not disagree with this principle. But it was possible to achieve this right in a peaceful way and it should have been pursued, but it was not possible "

Akbari continued his speech and said
"I did not agree with the wars of Jihadi parties. My opinion was that the Islamic Unity Party should remain neutral in these conflicts and wars. We are in the minority and our rights were not paid attention to in the past and we were subjected to the cruelty of rulers and leaders. Take up arms because we are a vulnerable minority. "

The third war of the arrangements of Ittihad, Vahdat and Nazar Shura

The third war between the forces of the Nazar Shura, Ittihad Islami and Hizb Vahdat took place on the 14th of Arc. In this war, the areas of Afshar, Khoshkhal Khana Mina, Karte Mamorin and Qargha Kabul were razed to the ground, the men, women and children of the mentioned areas were dragged by the sword of Masoud, Sayaf and Mazari. Ahmad Shah Massoud attacked the Chandavel, Afshar, Kote Sangi, Dasht Barchi, Karte Se areas with all tanks, cannons and planes due to the complete defeat of the Hazaras. Massoud personally led and managed this operation from Mount TV. This war lasted five days and nights and left thousands dead and wounded. Hundreds of repairs, commercial markets, apartments and houses were destroyed in Mandavi, Mayvand Road, Chandavel and areas of the fifth and sixth districts. Jihadi leaders involved in the war declared that the reason for the inter-organizational wars that had killed and injured thousands of innocent people was a misunderstanding.

The Council of People for Settlement and Marriage

Sol and contract literally means to open and close. Those who are in control of affairs are the people who decide and contract, the people's trustees. The term "people of resolution and marriage" was used for the first time by the first caliph against the objection of Bani Hashim and Ansar to the legitimacy of their caliphate and leadership. The first caliph, in response to the objection of Bani Hashim and Ansar, said that: The Noble Prophet of Islam considered the caliphate to belong to the Quraish, and this tribe is closer to the Prophet, and he also deserves the caliphate because he is a Quraish. In front of Bani Hashem, he said: If this is so, Hazrat Ali (AS) is closer to the Prophet than all Quraysh and more deserving of the Caliphate. Against this argument, the first caliph stated that he was elected to the position of caliphate through "Ahl al-Hal wa Aqd". In fact, the council, which was held without the presence of Bani Hashem and with the presence of the representative of the Prophet's (PBUH) family and some of his important companions, chose the blood of Abu Bakr Sadiq (RA) to be the caliphate, and this is where the council of the people of marriage was held for the first time. And they chose the first honorable caliph of Islam to be in charge of affairs. According to the historical record of the Ahl al-Hal and Aqd Council, in 1371, Rabbani, for the second time in the history of Islam, formed this council to legitimize his government. According to the Peshawar resolution, elections were to be held before the end of the four-month term of Rabbani's interim presidency, and a council to form a new government was to be formed, but this did not happen and the leadership council approved that Rabbani be in power for another 45 days. Let it stay until the preparations for the Settlement and Contract Council are made. For this purpose, a commission of party representatives was formed to arrange the regulations for the elections of the Ahl al-Aghd Council. Two representatives from each party participated in this commission. The Election Commission of the Ahl al-Hal and Akhd Council approved that the elections should be based on the population and two representatives should be elected from every 30,000 people and a total of 2,000 representatives would participate in the council. If a region has a population of more than 30,000 people, one more representative should be elected for every 18,000 additional people. Before the election of representatives, Rabbani and Pir Seyyed Ahmad Gilani nominated themselves for the position of the head of the government, but the working method of the commission and the selection of representatives caused Gilani to give up his candidacy and Rabbani remained the only candidate. In the empty field of political campaigns, Rabbani started efforts to gain internal and external support from the Settlement Council. Rabbani internally negotiated a ceasefire with Hekmatyar's forces and Hizb-e-Vahdat, and recognized the National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan under the leadership of Dostum, and accepted Dostum's participation in the leadership council, and held detailed negotiations with Iran's Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati. In order to ensure the participation of the Unity Party in the future Mojahedin government, he did it. He also asked the international community, especially Russia and the United Nations, to support the holding of the settlement council. Rabbani personally traveled to Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to get the support of these countries in the field. Rabani's efforts to get satisfaction and domestic and foreign support were unsuccessful. Except Sayaf, the leader of the Ittihad, all other groups announced their opposition to the process of forming the Ahl-e-Hal-e-Aghd Council. Syed Ishaq Gilani said: This council is rejected by the people. Maulvi Zakir and Maulvi Haqqani declared the work and administration of Ustad Rabbani illegal and said: Rabbani should hand over the reins of affairs to the leadership council as soon as possible. Mousouris, the special representative of the United Nations in Afghanistan, said that the leaders of the organizations did not reach an agreement on this council, and this council does not have the support of the people. Golbedin Hekmatyar considered the holding of the settlement council as a declaration of war against the people of Afghanistan. But Rabbani held the council of people of resolution and marriage without paying attention to the security risks facing the people. The said council started its work on the 8th of Jadi 1371 in the hall of the Ministry of Interior Affairs and ended its work on the 13th of the same month. The representatives of the Islamic Revolution Movement, the Islamic Movement, and the Islamic Party of Mawlawi Khalis were present in the council despite their opposition to it. A total of 1,335 participants of this council elected Rabbani as the head of the Mojahedin government (Kabul) for two years with 916 votes in favor, 59 votes against and 360 abstentions. In its subsequent meetings, the Ahl al-Aghd Council declared all secular parties, including the Watan Party, illegal. Groups such as Hizb-e-Islami Hekmatyar, Hizb-e-Vahdat, Najat Melli Pir Seyed Ahmad Gilani and Mahaz Melli Sibghatullah Mujadadi publicly opposed the resolutions of the Ahl-e-Aqd Council and called it illegal. Council decisions were announced. As usual, Rabbani broke the ranks, acted contrary to the commitments he had made before holding the Jihadist Shura with the arrangements, and refused to allow other jihadi groups to participate in the government, which in front of Golbedin Hekmatyar once again put Kabul under the most intense rocket attacks. As a result, hundreds of people were killed and injured. Mazari, the leader of Hizb Vahdat, declared his disobedience to Rabbani's government and asked Rabbani to hand over the power to the leadership council or to establish a real council of people for reconciliation. The government of Pakistan blocked the office of Afghan refugees in its country, and Qazi Hussain Ahmed, the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, said: "No government in Afghanistan will last without the participation of Hekmatyar." General Dostum, who was bored more than others, announced that if the Rabbani government does not give him and his supporters a share in the government, he will leave the government and continue his work without having any connection with Kabul. Various threats did not affect Rabbani's decision and the council's decisions were implemented, which led to a war of several years, the flames of which burned the fabric of life of the people of Kabul. At the beginning of the first phase of their military and political campaigns, jihadi organizations entered the battlefield against the communist government and later against the Soviet invaders with a completely extreme and anti-human spirit. Extremism in Jihad strategy made donor countries to give military, political and economic support to Jihadi groups just to achieve their goal, which was to prevent the advance and defeat of the former Soviet invaders and their supported regime in Kabul, and when Their goal was achieved and the Mujahideen won, these countries only supported the Jihadi groups by sending money and weapons to finance the regulatory wars, not in the political sector. After Dr. Najibullah's resignation from power and the occupation of Mughals like Kabul by Jihadi organizations in 1371, the promotion of anti-human extremism, along with the monopoly of power and power-seeking, regulatory wars, non-compliance with commitments, international covenants and The accepted international conventions, the systematic violation of human rights and the massacre of civilians forced the international community to refuse to recognize the Mojahedin government. For this reason, the Mojahedin government was in international isolation from the beginning of its establishment until its fall, and the major countries of the world, except for the countries involved in the regulatory wars, avoided recognizing or establishing good relations with the Mojahedin government. Accordingly, the Mujahideen government led by Rabbani did not enjoy any kind of credibility and legitimacy inside and outside the country, and its opponents always used that issue as a political tool to prolong the war, and one of the important points of the failure of the Hal Ahl and Akhdal Council was It was the national and international illegitimacy of Rabani's rule. Holding the Ahl al-Hal and Aqd Council was a failed attempt to legitimize Rabbani's monopoly of power, which resulted in nothing but the continuation and escalation of war crimes and betrayal of our Muslim people. But the question is, considering the many dissatisfactions and understanding its consequences, why Rabbani held this council. I wanted to have Rabbani's opinion on this matter, but he refused to be interviewed. But Ahmad Shah "Ahmedzai", another warlord who was the Minister of Interior at the time of holding the council, says:

Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai
"I don't have any comments in this regard at that time. It is clear from your question that you are a human rights watchdog and you defend them. I don't know what you want. Your job is only to insult the jihadi leaders of Afghanistan, you have no destination anymore, they hired you with money and you work for them. We waged Jihad and saved the country from the clutches of the Russians. We had the right and we have the right if we were killed or died for a very sacred destination and we freed the homeland from the clutches of the aggressors and you come and ask such questions to the Mujahideen. Those who raise the same questions were busy drinking wine in the bars of the West during the occupation of the country, and we were shedding blood here, while we became criminals. In which logic does this fit? Violation of human rights and war crimes are brought up only and only by these drunkards and foreign mercenaries who did not defend the country for a single day, and you also put your feet in the shoes of Sima Samar and read her book to us, while I, her I do not recognize him as a Muslim. "
However, other jihadist groups, opponents and even allies of the Rabbani government, contrary to Mr. Ahmadzai's opinion, consider the holding of this council as the beginning of the height of regulatory wars. Taj Mohammad Mujahid, one of the commanders of the Islamic Union and one of the supporters of the council, considers the holding of this council as a well-exploded mine that set the entire Afghanistan on fire.

Mullah Taj Mohammad "Mujahid"
"The Council of Ahlul-e-Aghd had become like a land mine that set the entire Afghanistan on fire with its explosion. I don't remember that there was only one person from some provinces in the marriage settlement council, but three people from some families participated. The most important and dangerous high point in the subsequent wars in Afghanistan was this council of people of resolution. The ruling group gathered its people, organized it, put funds in its favor and cast votes in its favor, and ignored the representatives of Afghanistan. Finally, the fire of war engulfed the whole country. " Former Hizb-e-Islami intelligence officer Vahidullah Sabavon called the holding of this council a meaningless act, which was held by the ruling party without the supervision of the United Nations and the real representatives of the people.

Vahidullah Sabavon
Hizb-e-Islami had sanctioned the Council of Ahl-e-Waqd. What was the meaning of 1,335 people under one umbrella when the fund supervisors and election commission members were all from the ruling party. The election candidate and the election observer were the same. There was no United Nations supervision. There was a reason for the possibility of widespread forgery. For these reasons, we did not participate in this election. We said that the election law should be implemented and the elections should not be incomplete for more people. We cannot hold elections against the law. Despite widespread opposition, Jamiat opened the Shura, and the result was nothing but the duration and severity of wars, and the people are witnessing it. " Seyyed Ishaq Gilani, a member of the Wolesi Jirga of Afghanistan and one of the jihadi commanders, who did not participate in the regulatory wars, says: It is customary in Afghanistan that if a person comes to power, he does not leave power until his death. In a political game that resulted in the death of hundreds of innocent citizens of Kabul, Rabbani organized a settlement council, most of the participants of which were the shopkeepers of Kabul city, who did not have any support from the people.

According to Seyyed Ishaq Gilani
"The Ahl Wa Aqd Council was just a political game on the part of the ruling party. Mr. Rabbani wanted to make a name for himself. The participants of this council were mostly the shopkeepers of Kabul city who did not have any kind of public support. The settlement council had a very weak and incorrect foundation, the result of which was a breach of trust that led to the expansion of the scope of the war and Hekmatyar's anger. The fact that 3,000 rockets hit the city of Kabul in one day is a good proof of this fact. " Well this is the truth. " Gilani continued his speech and said: "Thousands of people were killed and wounded as a result of the rocket attacks that were carried out every day by Hekmatyar and Mazari above the residential areas of Kabul city. I saw with my own eyes that Sikhs were eating human flesh at the crossroads of Zanbag Hotel, 50 meters from the presidential palace. Scavengers and scavengers also ate human flesh hanging from the branches of photography trees. These compatriots of ours were killed as a result of Hekmatyar and Mazari rockets. Unfortunately, there was no one and no means to transfer the bodies of the victims to the hospitals, because everything was stolen." The election of Rabbani as the president is one of the achievements of the Ahl-e-Hal-ul-Aqd Council, which caused further ruin, ruin and destruction in the country, which is engraved on the golden pages of the country's contemporary history.

Accusing a number of jihadist leaders of war crimes

As you read in the first chapter of this book. The Human Rights Department of the United Nations Office for Afghanistan Affairs has published a report entitled "Forms of Human Rights Violations in Afghanistan's Civil Wars, especially the Kabul Wars that took place between 1371 and 1375 between Jihadi organizations." In this report, the names of some Jihadi commanders as the first and second degree executors of regulatory wars and also the forms of human rights violations committed by these people have been mentioned.
The human rights monitoring organization has also published a report on July 7, 2005. This report, which is more in line with the opinion and wishes of the Afghan people, accuses many high-ranking officials and current advisors of the Afghan government of major human rights violations and war crimes.
"Bloody Hands: Past Tragedies in Kabul and the Legacy of Afghanistan's Injustice" is the title of the 133-page Human Rights Watch report, which was compiled based on two years of extensive research and interviews with more than 150 eyewitnesses and survivors of the events, government officials and fighters. has been The report describes war crimes and human rights violations, especially in one of the bloodiest years of Afghanistan's regulatory wars, 1371.
The human rights monitoring organization adds in the report that some of the criminals are not alive and some are hiding. However, a number of leaders who are accused of committing past crimes are currently high-ranking officials in the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior of the Afghan government, or they are serving as advisers to President Karzai. Some of them were members of the previous parliament and some of them are members of the current parliament and provincial councils.
"This report is not just a history lesson," said Brad Adams, director of Asia at Human Rights Watch. The tragedies that took place are among the most heinous events in the history of Afghanistan. However, many criminals are in power in the current government of Afghanistan. "
The period covered by this report corresponds to 1371 solar year, the first year of Mujahideen rule. which has been settled by bloody wars and regulatory reconciliation. At the beginning of that year, the city becomes the first year of Mujahideen rule. At the beginning of 1371, Kabul city had not seen much damage from military conflicts. But with the intensification of the wars, parts of the city of Kabul turned into ruins.
Rival military groups committed massive violations of human rights and laws of war as a result of rocket barrage and bombardment of civilian areas, kidnapping, killing of civilians, looting and looting of citizens. The report shows that the violations of this period were not the inevitable result of wars and mistakes, but rather the result of illegal actions and deliberate neglect of jihadi leaders and commanders. The report warns that there is a possibility of registering a crime against many commanders for their activities in this matter.
The human rights monitoring organization asked the Afghan government and the international community to support the efforts made to try past criminals by establishing a special court. Adams stated: "If the perpetrators of past crimes are not punished, it is very likely that they will commit other crimes and resort to violence to achieve their goals." They are a constant threat to the future of Afghanistan. "
The human rights monitoring organization has also suggested that in order to maintain independence and guarantee international standards, fair trials, a special court of international and Afghan judges should be formed. So that the majority of its members are international judges and the international secretariat is at its head.
If judicial reforms are a necessary condition for the success of any attempt to prosecute past crimes. The human rights monitoring organization asked the Afghan government to speed up the existing efforts to reform the Afghan judicial system and support the efforts to establish an independent judicial system.
The human rights monitoring organization has still asked the Afghan government to establish a structure to investigate and remove human rights accused from government officials. This organization has said that most of the recent 27-year history of Afghanistan has been marked by violations of human rights laws and violations of the laws of war. Afghanistan has suffered a lot during the 14 years of Soviet rule. This period has been associated with terrible disasters such as bombing and complete destruction of residential areas, killing and torturing prisoners and severe political strangulation. The Taliban, who ruled parts of the country from 1375 to 1380, committed war crimes and other violations, and as a comprehensive government, they violated the recognized standards of human rights.
The human rights organization has written in its historical report that the Taliban, Mujahideen and communists, who are all accused of war crimes, are completely immune from punishment under the name of national reconciliation. This issue itself is a clear violation of the rights of the victims and a crooked mouth to the implementation of justice.
The Human Rights Monitoring Organization's report accuses a number of leaders and commanders of groups for their role in past crimes. Including Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf, the extreme leader of the Ittihad-e-Islami Party, whom Mr. Karzai consults in some cases, and who has a lot of influence and power in the institutions of the Afghan government. Abdul Rashid Dostum, the leader of the National Islamic Movement, is the head of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces of the Ministry of Defense of Afghanistan, who has a lot of influence and political power in several provinces in the northern part of Afghanistan.
Mohammad Qasim Fahim, one of the military commanders of the Islamic Jamiat group of the Nizar Council. Now the first vice president of Karzai Karim Khalili, the leader of the Vahdat party, the second vice president of Karzai Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of Hezb-e-Islami, who committed the most heinous crimes of this period, is currently on the run and is believed to be coordinating the operations of the rebel forces against the US military forces and the Afghan government in the country. The Human Rights Monitoring Organization said that there are many commanders of Jamiat-e-Islami and Nazar Council who are accused of crimes against humanity. They are members of the Afghan parliament and others work in the country's security agencies. It is also stated in this report that some members of the Islamic Union have relied on the leadership of Syaf for important security and judicial positions in the government. In addition to the establishment of a special court, the report suggests that President Hamid Karzai appoint an expert panel to design and implement programs that the special court cannot deal with. Such as criminal courts that are outside the jurisdiction of a special court, recording past crimes, providing effective proposals for establishing structures to restore rights and pay compensation, and starting educational initiatives such as developing textbooks for schools that contain a reasonable description of historical events. Adams, the Asian director of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization, said in the last part of this report: "If Afghanistan does not start the process of reaching its past, its past will repeat itself twice." After the publication of Human Rights Watch's report, the Afghan government has stepped on the blood of millions of the country's defenseless citizens with complete cruelty, in the end, unbelievably callousness and callousness. It was collected and condemned and mentions the positive role of these criminals and evil professionals in the current system of Afghanistan. The warlords and criminals also organized a big meeting in the Kabul stadium in reaction to the publication of the mentioned report and asked the government, the judiciary and the executive to clarify their positions against this report. The report (Bloody Hands: Past Tragedies in Kabul and Legacy of Injustice in Afghanistan) is the first report of its kind, published by the Human Rights Monitoring Organization, which publishes some of the war crimes of five leaders of Afghan jihadist organizations. The publication of this report was condemned by some of the jihadi leaders involved in the Kabul regulatory wars. But some of these leaders have accepted the investigation of this international organization and are committed to the violation of human rights and war crimes in the areas under their control. Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf, who is accused number one on the list of war criminals of this organization, admits the violation of human rights and war crimes in the areas under his control. He says that bread and halwa are not distributed in war.

Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf
Bread and halwa are not distributed in war, wherever there is war, people are killed. Either you kill him or he kills you, apart from war, I swear to God that no one has been killed even by the truth, not by my command and by my hand. But in war conditions, show where in this world human rights have not been violated, even at the level of the village or at the level of the family. " We are not fighting to be angels. Mujahideen are also human beings, human beings are not without mistakes. But we do not discuss the issues of who committed war crimes and human rights violations, because discussing this issue will create many problems for us, which will be very difficult or impossible to collect. " Although the government spokesperson condemned this report and expressed concern about its publication. However, other Jihadi leaders and commanders and people's representatives in the Wolesi Jirga confirm the report and say that the human rights monitoring organization should have paid attention to the functions of the previous governments of Afghanistan. Marshal Fahim, one of the accused of war crimes: "If the justice that they (human rights monitoring organization) say is implemented without political interference and motives, not only me but many others will be ready to answer. But if political goals are involved and we are insulted by people who do not deserve to speak the word justice, this wish will not be fulfilled in any way.

Dr. Abdullah, head of the Change and Hope Coalition
"I read it, but it turns out that the facts are hidden in it. They reflected the facts. On the other hand, it shows that this organization had little access to reliable documents about the events of Afghanistan. "

Seyyed Ahmad Gilani, leader of the National Mahaz Party
"I don't disagree with the principle of the report of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization, but why is it limited to a specific time. " Shogrieh Barakzai, a member of the Afghan Parliament: "The names listed in the Human Rights Watch report, which I think are not far from the truth. This report may be approved by every Afghan. No one can blindly say that this report is false."

Sheikh Mohammad Asif Mohseni
"There should be no expediency in applying the law to people who are accused of violating people's social rights. "

Abdul Salam Zaeef, the former ambassador of the Taliban in Pakistan
"The Human Rights Watch report is in accordance with the realities of Afghanistan. But why is attention paid to a specific period of time, if there are others in the history of Afghanistan who have committed human rights violations. "

Taj Mohammad Mujahid
Human Rights Monitoring Organization announced the names of a number of perpetrators of war crimes in Afghanistan and announced the disclosure of the names of another number in the future. But in no way can I consider a mujahid who stood against the Russians as a criminal. " The residents of Afghanistan, especially the citizens of Kabul, who were the main victims of the regulatory wars. They confirmed the report of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization and said that this report is the specific opinion of the suffering people of Afghanistan. The citizens of the country who have expressed their opinions about the accusation of Jihadi leaders with crimes against humanity during the interviews, expressed their memories, visions and wishes in this way.

Ahmad Shah, a resident of Afshar Silvi, Kabul
When Amer Massoud, Mullah Fahim, Sayyaf, Rabbani and Anwar Dangar started the war in the Afshar Silo area, they ordered their men that the head is from us and the property from you, the Mujahideen also destroyed people's houses without Islamic and humanitarian considerations. Rockets and bombs destroyed. They killed a man and a woman and took them with them. Jihadi leaders caused the destruction and killing of thousands of people in Kabul. Massoud and Anwar Dangar were killed. But Sayyaf, the leader of the Ittihad criminals, is sitting in the parliament, and Mullah Fahim, the successor of Massoud, another of the country's biggest criminals, is alive. Because of the crime they have committed against the people, they should be cut into pieces like the people of Kabul and be punished for their actions. "

The argument of another resident of Afshar Silo
Jihadi leaders caused the destruction of Kabul and the massacre of thousands of innocent people, and while they passed the National Reconciliation Charter in order to save their lives, these leaders should be tried and their properties, which were made of people's blood, should be confiscated. These are the causes of ethnic, linguistic and religious divisions in the country. "

Nematullah, a resident of Qala, District 5, Kabul
"The day when the Vahdatis took the Vahad castle. They ransacked people's houses. Men were captured, some women and young girls fled from their homes and were transferred to the western areas of Kabul, and many were raped. I saw the naked body of a woman who was cut in half by Hizb-e-Wahdat people and tied to the west gate of Kabul University. Whenever the gate was opened and closed, half of her body remained inside and the other half remained outside. "

One of the residents needs
"We took my brother out of the main police station of Hizb Vahdat (Kuti Gani) after several years in prison. My brother said, I saw with my own eyes that the members of the Unity Party cut the Pashto-speaking captives into pieces and shot them from the tail of the saw machine. They cut women's breasts. My brother used to say that the members of the Vahdat party used to drive nails into the heads of the captives. They used to urinate in the mouths of the captives. "

Homayun, a resident of Kote Sangi
"The short stone war was very intense. Bombs and rockets had destroyed the entire area. The members of the Unity Party attacked the houses of Pashtuns and Tajiks with fire rockets and mortars, and anyone who stuck his head out of the gate of the mansion or Kalkin house, was fired with a bullet. They massacred several people from each house, and in some places, entire members of a family. The intensity of the war did not give us time to bury our dead. We had to bury them inside the mansion. Some people were forced to leave the area. The Vahdatis entered the houses, slaughtered one or two white bearded men who were sitting in each house as a house guard, and threw their heads into drinking water wells. We cannot use the water of these wells until today. We first ask God and secondly the government of Afghanistan, if this government is an Islamic government, to prosecute and punish the jihadi leaders who caused the destruction of our people, so that it becomes a lesson for other people who, in order to gain power, Money and property massacre innocent Muslim people. "

Mohammad Daud from the old Makroyan
"When the war started, people took refuge in the takoys (undergrounds) of their blocks to protect their lives from the intensity of the rocket attacks. The people of the movement and the crowd saw the opportunity to break into people's houses and took some with them. The captives were subjected to physical, mental and sexual torture. Some of the captives died sooner due to the severity of the torture, but some others died later. "

Elias from old Makroyan
"Dostum's people, Nazar Shura and Hizb-e-Islami had set up footpaths in the areas of Old Makroyan, Zaman Khan Castle, Nader Khan Hill, Road, Karte Nu, Bala Hesar, Shah Shaheed. Every car that passed through these footpaths was looted and looted by them. Dostum, Masoud, and Hekmatyar took girls, women, and young and beautiful children out of their cars and took them with them for illegal acts. Also, people who fled the war to save their lives and property, were They were under the attack of these arrangements and lost everything. Jihadi thieves took everything from cash to gold, household items, food items and even bicycles and karachis from people and sold them again. This Criminals betrayed Islam and humanity. Just as the Human Rights Watch organization wrote in its report, "The Heart of the People" and declared these leaders as war criminals, we also demand the trial and execution of these criminals and traitors. The trial and execution of these will improve the security of the Afghan people, and provide them with a safe and war-free future.

Sardar Ebadi, a resident of Makroyan
Mujahideen divided Kabul into several kingdoms. The members of the Najar Council and the National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan violated people's privacy and looted people's property and cash, and kidnapped dozens of young girls. During the wars of the Unity Party and Ittihad, many crimes were committed against the people, the Unity Party drove a nail in the heads of the people, a prisoner was beheaded in front of the other prisoners and his headless body was danced to show the people the dance of the dead. The Vahdatis threw the prisoners into the containers and lit a fire under them. They cut the women's breasts, during the war between the Vahdat Party and the Nazar Shura, the Vahdat party sent a lorry to cut off the women's breasts in the Dehmuznak oil tank area. When they open the back gate of the car, the Afghan woman takes the whole road with her chest cut.

A resident of Bibi Mehro
"Jihadist organizations, especially Hizb Vahdat, have committed various crimes. One day, I went to visit one of our relatives who had just escaped from Hizb Vahdat prison. I asked him the reason for his illness, and he said, "The members of Hizb Vahdat killed me. They got three from the card. They took me to their commander. Their commander told me, we welcome our guests in two ways, one is to beat his neck and the second is to give him the soldiers' urine. It's up to you which one you like. I had to accept the second because of my wife and children who have no guardian but me.

Samonwal Hassan Ali, a resident of Afshar Silo Bazaar
Mujahideen betrayed Islam in the name of Islam. They recorded many cases of dishonor in the history of their Jihad. The members of the Nazar Council targeted me and my young brother on the road of Dar al-Aman, as a result, my brother was martyred along with ten other people. I was injured along with several others. After this incident, we moved to Afshar, Afshar, which had become one of the main battlefields, was attacked several times by the Nizar Council and the Islamic Union. The members of the Nazar and Ittihad councils, when they started to advance, first massacred all Hazara men. Then they attacked people's houses and stole people's property They raped women and young girls and took others away for dishonorable acts. They committed countless crimes. By God, they wasted our human and Islamic rights. But the communists were not like the Mujahideen, they were more concerned about the people and the security of the country, the injustice that prevails in our society today was not there during Dr. Najib's time. May God have mercy on Dr. Najib's father. "

One of the guards of Kabul University
"Mujahideen committed many crimes in total. What I saw with my own eyes is that "in the year 1373, when the university was freed from the people of the Mazari branch of the Unity Party, we were busy cleaning the university scene when we found the scalp of a woman with long hair." During the Mojahedin regime, when I went to Kabul University for official work, I witnessed one of the crimes committed by Hizb Vahdat. In this crime, the Vahdatis killed a number of our compatriots in a group and buried them in several mass graves at the Kabul Medical Institute. One of these graves was in the parking lot of this institute, the second and third graves were in the area of forensic medicine. In the first grave, the bodies of eight people, including a woman with a severed head and a torn stomach with her child, were buried along with seven other naked men. The second grave, which contained six decomposed corpses inside two closets, and the third grave, which contained the corpses of four children and two elderly men, was located on the right side of the forensic medicine repair. Some of the defenders of forensic medicine said about these murders, especially the murder of this woman, that the people of Hizb Vahdat, who were related to commander Abu Dhar, engineer Latif and Shafi, went crazy, captured this woman when she passed in front of the Kabul Institute of Medicine, and every night in a group This woman was raped. Finally, this woman became pregnant and the commander of this post, who gave birth to a woman, was one of his greatest wishes, gave birth to this woman. The poor woman and her child perish and they cut off the woman's head and throw her in the same grave with other men. Some of the eyewitnesses who went there in the first days of the liberation of the university from the hands of the Vahdat party. It is said that inside the premises of the Institute of Medicine, in a 200-liter bucket, they received a number of women's lips, hands, ears, cut breasts, and eyes removed from their sockets. The main planners and executors of civil wars, especially Kabul's regulatory wars, who, according to themselves, are angels who saved the country from the hands of the Soviet Union and other invaders and terrorists, always claimed to be Mujahid and benevolent in Afghanistan, that no matter the massacre, destruction, The robberies and atrocities committed against the Muslim nation of Afghanistan were for the sake of Islam, the peace and comfort of the people. The civil wars are a good evidence, showing how these war mongers killed, wounded and displaced millions of innocent people for their evil purposes and the execution of the plans of their foreign masters and left the country in black soil. These warlords never surrendered to truth and truth, and whenever their treason and crimes came up, they considered it a conspiracy of the enemies of Islam. But let's see the opinion of these warmongers and warlords about the Human Rights Watch report that accused them of violating rights and crimes against humanity with authentic documents. What is ? We tried our best to interview all five people whose names are included in the list of war criminals of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization and publish their statements. However, General Abdul Rashid Dostum, the leader of the National Movement and the head of the country's armed forces, and Karim Khalili, the leader of the Vahdat Party and the second vice president of President Karzai, did not agree to be interviewed. These two leaders are accused of committing too many crimes against humanity during the civil wars and were declared war crimes. In the report of this organization, it is stated that Dostum and a number of commanders under his command in the past two and a half decades in different parts of the country have committed anti-human acts such as attacking residential areas, mass killings, owning private prisons, killing and torturing prisoners, rape Sex, abduction of women, girls and rich people, forced migration and looting of private and government property. Karim Khalili is the successor of Abdul Ali Mazari, the slain leader of the Unity Party, the second vice president of Hamid Karzai, and another member of the list of war crimes accused by the Human Rights Monitoring Organization. Khalili and other leaders and commanders of Hizb Vahdat are accused of attacks on residential areas, massacres of civilians, owning personal and regulatory slaughterhouses and torture centers, torture and murder of prisoners, hostage taking, kidnapping and sexual assault, acid spraying and drug injection. They face poison in food and dozens of other cases of human rights violations and war crimes. Most of the members of Vahdat Party, including the low-ranking members of this party, repeatedly committed horrific acts against humanity during the Jihad. Killing of employees, mosques and clerics belonging to the government of Dr. Najibullah, exploding and destroying public facilities such as schools, clinics, bridges, culverts, roads, attacking and looting the convoys of aid organizations, looting, road cutting, abduction of women and girls and rich people, and sexual assault are other accusations against individuals and the leadership of Vahdat party. In the regulatory wars section, the first chapter of this book, which is taken from the United Nations Human Rights Commissioner's report, read a few lines about war crimes in the west of Kabul. Also, some of our compatriots, who were released alive from the prisons of the Vahdat Party, witnessed the shocking crimes of the members of the Vahdat Party. Syed Ishaq Gilani, a member of the Afghan Wolesi Jirga, has seen the war crimes of Hizb Vahdat with his own eyes.

Syed Ishaq Gilani
"As a witness from Kabul city, I know about all the crimes that took place. I remember that one day Ahmad Shah Massoud communicated to me and said that you are always gossiping with us, why are you fighting with all of us, fighting with the Hazaras, go and see Wazir Akbar Khan at the hospital once, I went to the hospital, a woman I saw a Pashtun whose head was nailed by our Hazara brothers. I saw with my own eyes, six minutes after my presence, that woman died. In addition, 48 members of the Sayyaf Islamic Union were imprisoned by the Vahdat party, the Vahdatis killed one of them every day and cooked for others, the documents are also available in the field. " However, two other jihadi leaders (Professor Sayyaf, the leader of the invitation organization, and Marshal Fahim, the commander of the Nazar Council, the first vice president) included in the list of war criminals, including Golbedin Hekmatyar, have been accused of war crimes on similar charges. International organizations defending human rights, including the United Nations Human Rights Commission and the Human Rights Monitoring Organization, in their reports, have blamed these three people for launching power wars during the Mujahideen regime, attacking residential areas, and massacring civilians. Slaughterhouses and regulatory and personal torture centers, attacks and looting of aid agencies' convoys, government and private organizations, murder of employees, religious leaders and clerics belonging to Dr. Najibullah's government and rival groups inside and outside the country, explosions and destruction Public benefit facilities such as schools, clinics, bridges, culverts, roads, roads, shortcuts, abuse of government position, hypocrisy, abduction of women, girls and rich people have been accused of violating human rights and war crimes. Person number one in the Human Rights Watch report: Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf, the leader of Islamic Call Organization, is the first jihadist leader of the country, who is on the top of the list of war criminals of the Human Rights Watch Organization. Sayyaf has fully supported Mr. Karzai's government and President Hamid Karzai often consults him on affairs of state. It is based on human rights. Sayyaf has fully supported Mr. Karzai's government and President Hamid Karzai often consults him on affairs of state. Sayyaf sees the reason for being accused of war crimes in the enmities, ideological opposition and intellectual endurance of the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan and the anti-jihad groups of the Afghan people.

Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf
"My name should be Why those who arrange this report, their most effective person, is at the head of this commission. When we were fighting against the Soviet Union, they insulted us and we have documents from those years. We were busy fighting against the Soviet Union at that time. There were no civil wars at that time, we were only engaged in defense. These are ideological enmities and oppositions, intellectual endurance and a series of other issues, and I looked at some of their magazines with me. For the Mujahideen, this is attribution to the whole nation, because the nation is the Mujahid nation. This is the whole conversation, there is no other conversation. " Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim, the first vice president of Hamid Karzai, is accused number three of the war criminals report of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization. During the Mujahideen regime, Fahim was considered the number two military man of this regime after Amer Masoud. But Marshall's own opinion on being accused of war crimes is very interesting. Marshall implicitly called Amer Masoud, the leader of the Nizar Council, a war criminal, and says that my name was included in this report instead of Amer Sahib Masoud's name. In addition, Marshall calls the Human Rights Watch report a female and childish issue.

Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim
"My name is mentioned in the Human Rights Watch list because I am the successor of Amer Sahib Masoud. But if human rights itself comes one day, it will say that we have nothing about Marshall. But it is cowardly to exclude myself from this, but it is not necessary to discuss these feminine and childish issues so much. In any case, I am a mujahid and a sacrificer for the people of Afghanistan, and I showed my honesty and sincerity to the people on the way to the freedom of the country. In the current situation, a special group, especially Mr. Karzai's team, accuses national heroes and loyal figures of the country of violating human rights because of their political activities. " But the fifth accused Golbedin Hekmatyar: Hekmatyar, the fugitive leader of Hizb-e-Islami Afghanistan, is another accused of war crimes in Afghanistan. Hekmatyar, the Qasi-Qalb leader of Hizb-e-Islami, has become one of the cruel and bloodthirsty figures of Jihad for the people of Afghanistan, with the organized killings he has carried out inside and outside the country since the beginning of Jihad. A large number of leaders, commanders and low-ranking people of this party are also accused of destroying and destroying people's livelihood resources, destroying and destroying schools, clinics, kindergartens, government buildings, roads, bridges, culverts and water and electricity networks. are. The intelligence department of this party is one of the strongest and most coherent intelligence networks of jihadi organizations in the country, which was created by the intelligence organizations of Pakistan (ISI), America (CIA) and England (MI6) and terrorist and guerilla training under the supervision of generals and Employees of these organizations learned. Hezb-e-Islami intelligence has carried out devastating terrorist operations against rival groups, organizations and governments (communist government and Mujahideen government) both inside and outside the country due to its financial and military capabilities. Assassination of political, military and cultural figures of rival factions and the Soviet-backed government, carrying out terrorist attacks such as destroying public utility facilities and civil and military institutions of the government are among the other activities of this network. While he does not want to exonerate Hekmatyar and his party in this report, Vahidullah Sabavon, advisor to President Karzai and one of the former deputies of Hezb-e-Islami, says that the agents that the Human Rights Monitoring Organization identified Hekmatyar for committing that war crime, because It has been the homeland and territorial integrity of the country.

Vahidullah Sabawon
"Although I don't like topics that challenge my character. But in your answer, I must say that it is war, war is not a crime. What do you call a crime, killing children, stealing people's houses, dishonoring and dishonoring, raining rockets on people's houses, these are all the hypothesis of war that takes place in defense of national honors, territorial integrity and defense of the country. " Q: War has laws, and you sacrificed civilians not for the country's territorial integrity, but for your regulatory interests. ?

Subway
"We suffered more than the people, our young people were wasted, our money and a few years of our time were wasted, 50% of our relatives were lost. Apart from these, no one destroys his house because he lives in this house. The areas of Hizb-e-Islami and Hizb-e-Vahdat were destroyed more than other areas of Kabul. Who destroyed it? Me, no, someone else destroyed it. On the side of Rabani's government, Luna and Chuche were flying and planes were bombing and a rocket was coming from our side. It was known that there was a press there, but it was not known what was the destruction and destruction on our side. But because of these wars, no one criticizes the Mujahideen. Because the Mujahideen saved the country from the clutches of the Soviet Union. Q: Maybe it is so in your opinion, but more than 60,000 defenseless citizens of Kabul were killed in the regulatory wars? [ A: It is not true that 60 thousand people were killed. Q: When 50% of the city of several million people in Kabul is completely destroyed, 60,000 people is a large number. Did no one live in these houses? A: No, this is an aerial calculation, but if 5 people have been killed, something bad has been done. Taj Mohammad Mujahid, the jihadi commander of the Islamic Union, allies of Daulat Rabbani and Golbedin Hekmatyar, tells about the massacre of civilians by Hekmatyar's Islamic Party.

Taj Mohammad Mujahid
"A lot of horrible and painful acts have taken place in Kabul's house of war. Hekmatyar's rockets hit different parts of the city. In ten Afghans, I saw disintegrated bodies of civilians, I saw dismembered arms and legs moving. This was a war crime, but it was not committed only by the Mujahideen, the main management of the wars was in the hands of the remaining officials from the communist system, such as General Momin, General Baba Jan and other generals. Anyway at the same time. In the city of Kabul, a war crime has been committed by the conflicting organizations, and the government of Ostad Rabbani and the warring parties are responsible for those crimes.

The rise and fall of the Taliban

Whenever one hears about the hegemonic Taliban group, the human mind imagines bloodshed, explosions, suicides, torture, tyranny and petrification. During the occupation of parts of the country and after their fall, the Taliban fought so much with the people of the villages and towns of this land that now they have left nothing else as a legacy of an anti-Islamic and anti-human memory. Their sad and painful memories are not only recorded in the contemporary history of Afghanistan, but also unforgettable for the history of Islam and the world of humanity. The fact that the nucleation of the petrified and terrorist group of the Taliban was carried out by which countries or intelligence organizations has been reported to the people by various narratives. With the publication and distribution of books, reports and articles in recent years, the audience thinks that they have found out the truth, but with more or less research that I have done, I only found that the factor of nucleation and identifying the mission of the Taliban group is nothing but secrets. The big intelligence organizations of the countries are helping the Afghan war and jihad. But discovering the real purpose of the emergence of this mysterious phenomenon of the century in the current conditions is a task in a false and unimaginable world. In any case, the terrorist group that was born in 1373 and whose black and scary face can be felt by the suffering people of Afghanistan until now and in the future, they named it Taliban. Now we have a brief overview of the process of starting and carrying out a phase of this group's mission. With the withdrawal of the forces of the former Soviet Union from Afghanistan in 1989, the long internal and external struggle against the government of Dr. Najibullah continued. Until this government fell in 1992 and Kabul fell into the hands of Mujahideen. The continuation of Afghan civil wars was mostly due to the fact that Kabul fell. And not by armed Pashtun parties based in Peshawar, who were engaged in conflict with each other, but by mainly Tajik forces, namely the forces of Burhanuddin Rabbani and his military commander Ahmad Shah Massoud, as well as the Uzbek forces led by General Abdul Rashid Dostum and the Shia Party of Unity . The capture of Kabul inflicted a heavy psychological blow on the Pashtun Mujahideen. Because this was the first time in the past 300 years that Kabul was out of their control. Almost immediately, the civil war between the groups began with the siege of Kabul and the brutal shelling of it by Hekmatyar. Jihadi commanders started fighting with each other. They lined up against each other in a vicious cycle of loyalty, betrayal and bloodshed. The Rabbani government forces controlled the capital and parts of the northeast of the country. The three western provinces centered on Herat were under the control of Ismail Khan's forces, and the three eastern Pashtun provinces were under the control of the forces of the Eastern Council or the Jalalabad Council. In the north, Uzbek commander General Abdul Rashid Dostum had dominion over 6 northern provinces. In central Afghanistan, the Hazaras controlled Bamyan Province. The south of Afghanistan and the city of Kandahar were divided between dozens of small commanders who were looting and plundering the people like armed thieves. Jihadi commanders sold everything to Pakistani stockbrokers to get money. They separated the telephone wires from the cables and sold the factory equipment, machinery, etc. to Pakistani brokers. Jihadi commanders mistreated the people as much as they wanted. Boys and girls were kidnapped for the purpose of adultery. They usurped people's houses and farms by force, stole people's property from the markets, and fought in the streets and alleys. The situation was not acceptable for those Mujahideen who fought against the former Soviet forces and Dr. Najibullah's regime. Mullah Hasan, the governor of Kandahar during the Taliban rule, says. We all knew Mullah Omar, Mullah Rabbani and Mullah Rabbani. Whenever we met, we talked about the terrible plight of the people during the rule of the looters. We all had the same opinion. So it was very easy to decide to do something. A number of Jihadi commanders who had returned to their homes in Quetta, Pakistan and other parts of southern Afghanistan after the defeat of the communist system, talked to each other to get out of the situation in the country. A number of jihadi commanders led by Mullah Mohammad Abbas (Minister of Public Health of the Taliban government) went to Herat to negotiate with Ismail Khan for peace talks. After these negotiations failed, they returned to Kandahar and met Mullah Omar with a number of other commanders who had gathered in Kandahar from Quetta, Pakistan, Uruzgan and Zabul. These scattered but highly motivated groups, after many discussions, managed to prepare a plan that is still the main slogan of the Taliban, restoration of peace, general disarmament, rule of Sharia and defense of the unity and Islamic nature of Afghanistan. Talib is the students of the school, so the name they have chosen for themselves is completely Bamsmi. While Mullah is the one who teaches others. By choosing this name, the Taliban showed that they are a reformist movement and not a power-seeking group. All those who gathered around Mullah Omar are children of Jihad period who were born in Pakistan and learned military skills there. The young Taliban do not know much about the history of their country, but they have learned something from their schools about the ideal Islamic society that was established by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) 1400 years ago, and that is the only thing they are trying to achieve. [ The Taliban chose Mullah Omar as their leader. On April 4th (1996), Mullah Omar gave himself the title of Amir al-Momineen by wearing the cloak of the Prophet of Islam Hazrat Muhammad (pbuh) at the suggestion of a number of Kandahari Taliban. But for many Afghans and Muslims in other countries of the world, such a boldness that a mullah without a family relationship with the Prophet of Islam and without any academic degree calls himself Amirul Momineen was considered a clear insult to the common traditions of Islam. The Taliban later changed the name of the country to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. No leader in the world today lives as much as Mullah Omar in secret and away from the public eye. Mullah Omar was born in the year (1959) in the village of "Nodeh" of Dehrawid district of Uruzgan province in a poor family from the Hotak tribe. Not much is known about his family background. Mullah Omar went to the village of "Singsar" in Miwand district of Kandahar province in search of work during the period of Jihad, i.e. in the 1980s. He went to "Singsar" village in Miwand district of Kandahar province. There he became a mulai and opened a small school and later joined Hizb-e-Islami under the leadership of Yunus Khals and was wounded four times in the wars against the communist regime and lost his right eye the fifth time. Mulla Omar has three wives and five sons and daughters. He is a shy person, he speaks less in meetings and does not have much attraction. In the spring of 1994, some residents of "Singsar" village came to Mulla Omar to complain about a commander. They stated that one of the local commanders kidnapped two young girls, shaved their heads and raped them. By gathering 30 Taliban, Mullah Omar arrested the criminal commander, freed the girls, and hung the commander's body from the tank pipe, and in this way, the Taliban started the new process of civil war, which was accompanied by the killing and bloodshed of hundreds of thousands of people, by killing a commander and The release of two girls from prison began. The Taliban have the closest ties to Pakistan, where most of them grew up. Most of them have studied in schools under the supervision of Maulana Fazal Rehman, leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. Maulana Fazl Rehman was considered an ally of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto during the rise of the Taliban. He added the newly emerging forces of the Taliban to the army and I. S. Ai introduced In order to adapt its economic and political strategy, Pakistan did not want to support a failed one and was looking for a potential force to replace Golbedin Hekmatyar. In the next stage, on October 12, 1994, about 200 Taliban attacked Hekmatyar's forces in Spin Boldak from three areas. After a quick and short battle, Hekmatyar's forces fled from the place and a large ammunition depot with several vehicles fell into the hands of the Taliban. . In this way, this unknown force captured Kandahar, the second largest city in Afghanistan, within a few weeks. Nasirullah Babur called the Taliban his children and placed considerable assistance from Pakistan in their care. By December 1994, about 12,000 Afghan and Pakistani students joined the Kandahar Taliban. Most of the Taliban soldiers are young people aged 14 to 24 who have no memory of the past and no plans for the future, for them everything is the present. These young students are rootless, without support and jobless, and in the strict sense of the word, they are orphans of war, and they are economically deprived and lack knowledge. They welcome war, because war is the only job they can support themselves with. adapt it Many of them are orphans who grew up without a woman as a mother, sister or aunt in their lives. These young people have lived a rough and monotonous life and have never felt the company of a woman. The Taliban are completely alien to the laws, social obligations and associations of the Afghan Islamic society and are hostile to it. During the first three months of their work, the Taliban occupied 12 of Afghanistan's 34 provinces and implemented the harshest interpretation of Islam that has never been seen anywhere in the Islamic world. In February 1995, the Taliban captured Maidan Wardak province, which is located 56 km from Kabul, and in the same month, they occupied Hekmatyar's central base in Chahar Asiyab and broke the stalemate of Afghanistan's civil wars. While Massoud was engaged in war with the Shiite forces of Hizb-e-Wahdat in the west of Kabul, the Taliban held talks with the leaders of Jamiat-e-Islami, Hizb-e-Wahdat and the United Nations Special Representative for Afghanistan Affairs in Chahar Asahi. Following the agreement between Hizb Vahdat and the Taliban, Hizb Vahdat surrendered all its heavy weapons and positions to the Taliban. The Taliban arrested and killed Mazari, the leader of Hizb-e-Wahdat, and during the years 1995 and 1996, they mercilessly put all of Kabul under the most severe rocket attacks, and in April 1996 alone, as a result of firing 866 rockets towards Kabul, more than 700 people were killed. Civilians were killed and wounded. After the defeat of their military offensive in Kabul, the Taliban urged Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to support their latest bid to occupy the capital. For this purpose, Prince Turki al-Faisal, the head of Saudi Arabia's intelligence agency, visited Islamabad and Kandahar in June 1996 to discuss the new plan of occupying Kabul with ESA. Meanwhile, the Taliban continued their advance not towards Kabul but towards Jalalabad. It is said that Haji Abdul Qadir, the head of the Jalalabad council, received a huge bribe worth ten million dollars from A-S-E to evacuate the city of Nangarhar. While the main forces of the Taliban were advancing from the south towards the city of Jalalabad on February 25, 1996, hundreds of their auxiliary forces entered the east of the city of Jalalabad from inside Pakistan and by killing 70 soldiers of the city, they occupied Jalalabad and headed towards the Kunar provinces. And Laghman continued to advance. In the evening of September 26, 1996, the Taliban forces entered Kabul city after the evacuation of the city by the government forces of Burhanuddin Rabbani. With the occupation of the capital, the victory of the Taliban was almost complete. In their first and most violent act after entering Kabul, the Taliban kicked out the former president of Afghanistan, Dr. Najibullah, from the United Nations office, killed him, and hanged his body in Ariana Square. In 1992, when the UN peace plan to form an interim government failed, he took refuge in the organization's office in the center of the city and stayed there. The former president of Afghanistan was expelled from the United Nations office and killed and his body was hanged in Ariana square. In 1992, when the UN peace plan to form an interim government failed, he took refuge in the organization's office in the center of the city. The Taliban had already issued the death sentence of General Dostum, Rabbani, and Massoud. During the 24-hour occupation of Kabul, the Taliban used the most severe Islamic method that was unprecedented anywhere in the world. The religious police of this group began to enforce Sharia law in the capital, they dealt with Kabul as their main and old enemies and with Kabul as an occupied city. After retreating from Kabul, Massoud's forces also left the Salang highway and went to the main area. Shan, Panjshir Valley sat back. After failing to capture Panjshir, the Taliban took the Salang highway and finally faced Dostum's forces. As a result of the counterattack of Masoud Bakhshai's forces, the districts of Jabal al-Sarraj, Golbahar, and Salang were removed from the occupation of the Taliban and hundreds of Taliban soldiers were killed and captured. In this attack, thousands of civilians around the Salang highway were also killed and wounded, and fifty thousand others were forced to leave their homes. The Taliban, who suffered from a lack of manpower due to high casualties, launched a large-scale attack from Herat to the north through Badghis province with the arrival of thousands of fresh Taliban from Pakistan. With the occupation of more areas by the Taliban, three-fourths of the country was occupied by them, but they did not receive any official international recognition that the Taliban wanted. [ "We have no friends in the world," Mullah Mohammad Hassan, the deputy of the Kabul Supervisory Council, said. Although we have conquered the capital and three quarters of the country, we have not received any congratulatory messages. In the spring of 1997, the Taliban attacked the city of Mazar-e-Sharif in Balkh province, the last base of the opposition coalition in northern Afghanistan, which was under the control of General Dostum. There was a strong difference between my friend and General Malek, the number two man of the movement. Dostum was accused of murdering Malik's brother, Rasul Pahlan, who was killed in June 1996 along with fifteen of his bodyguards. This enmity and rumors of Malik's murder were also whispered by my friend. On May 19, 1997, Malek asked the Taliban to help him remove Dostum after receiving bribes and promises of power from the Taliban. The Taliban quickly advanced from Herat and Kabul to the north, and the northern provinces fell one after the other to the new alliance composed of Pashtuns and Uzbeks of Faryab, which was the main center of power for Malik. The Taliban massacred about 800 of Dostum's soldiers who were captured. Dostum was forced to enter Uzbekistan with 135 of his officers and soldiers by paying bribes and then flee to Turkey. The Malik-Taliban alliance was a hellish alliance that fell apart within a short period of time. When Ismail Khan was fighting with the Taliban in Faryab Province, Malik was arrested and handed over to the Taliban to complete his betrayal of Dostum. On May 28, 1997, when an armed group of Hazaras of Hizb-e-Wahdat in the outskirts of Balkh city showed resistance against the disarmament of the Taliban, a fierce war broke out between the Taliban and loyal forces in Mohaghiq, and during the fifteen-hour war, about 600 Taliban were killed and More than a thousand other people and ten of the leaders of this group were taken captive at the Mazar-e-Sharif airport. According to reports, the Taliban surprised about 1,500 soldiers of Hizb-e-Wahdat in the first hours of their second attack on Mazar-i-Sharif and beheaded 1,400 of these soldiers along with 70 Shia civilians in the south of the city and about 400 women. Hazara was taken as a slave. In this incident, only one hundred of these people survived. In their second attack on Mazar-e-Sharif, the Taliban, with the help of hundreds of members of the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization, carried out a brutal genocide in retaliation for last year's defeat. One of the Taliban commanders later stated that Mullah Omar had ordered us to kill for two hours, but we were engaged in killing for two days. In this attack, the Taliban started killing the people there like crazy. They rode in Toyota cars in the streets of Mazar-i-Sharif Golan, fired left and right and killed everything they saw in motion. According to a resident of Mazar-e-Sharif, the Taliban fired three bullets at each person, cut his throat, head, chest, and genitals. In this attack, the Taliban captured thousands of Hazara people of this city and transferred them to the prisons of the city, and when the prisons were full, they threw the arrested people into containers and locked their doors so that the prisoners would suffocate. The Taliban took some of these containers to Dasht Laili, where they treated the prisoners just as the Taliban prisoners were treated a year ago. They massacred, but Dostum freed two thousand Taliban fighters from prison as a goodwill gesture. During the ten weeks of war, between May and June 1997, more than 3,000 Taliban were killed and wounded, and about 3,600 others were captured in the five northern provinces of the country (Balkh, Jawzjan, Samangan, Faryab, Sarpol). With Dostum's return from Turkey, the forces of the Salvation Front for Afghanistan, which were revived, pushed the Taliban out of Mazar-e-Sharif for the second time. The Taliban retreated to Kunduz by fleeing from Mazar-e-Sharif, Jawzjan, Samangan and Sarpol. Dostum's soldiers exposed the crimes that Malik had committed and discovered twenty mass cemeteries located in Dasht Laili, Jawzjan province, where more than two thousand people from the massacred Taliban forces were buried en masse. These massacres have been confirmed by generals and high-ranking officers close to Malik. Following the Taliban's economic blockade of the Hazara areas of the country in January 1997, Gersenki threatened to kill 300,000 people in Bamyan and 700,000 people in Ghazni and Wardak provinces. The Taliban used the economic blockade as an instrument of pressure against the people of the mentioned areas, they did not allow the UN food convoys to enter those areas. Religious and sectarian hostilities between Hazaras and Pashtuns have a historical record. In 1893, Abdul Rahman Khan founded the first anti-Hazara campaign by conquering Bamyan province. In his attack on Bamyan, thousands of Hazara people were killed and some were taken to Kabul as slaves. The Taliban gave a new dimension to these hostilities. The Taliban consider all Shiites to be hypocrites, hypocrites and out of the religion of Islam. According to one theory, the short Hazara people with their distinctive Mongolian faces are the hybrid descendants of Genghis Khan's soldiers and native Turks and Tajiks. In the winter of 1998, the Taliban created another genocide by killing about 600 Uzbek villagers in Faryab province. Every defeat of the Taliban in the war fronts in the north of the country caused them to intensify the social strictures and punishment in Kabul. The agents of Amrba Maarou and Nahi Ta Mankar roamed the streets of the city and forced the women to return to their homes and ordered the owners of the houses to paint the windows of their houses black so that the women could not be seen from outside. Amputations, flogging, stoning of women and death penalty were among the usual events every week in Kabul and Kandahar. After the Taliban did not accept a broad-based government, Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, warned in the beginning of 1998 that fifty thousand armed men had taken the country's twenty million people hostage and that deliberate and anti-Islamic actions would destroy Islam in Afghanistan. and made the world infamous and discredited. Taliban's interpretation of Islam and Jihad in Afghanistan is unusual and strange. The emergence of this movement is not similar to any of the major Islamist groups that arose during the jihad. The Taliban did not accept any other interpretation except their own interpretation of Islam. They have an ideological base, this base is the extreme form of the "Deobandi" movement, which was propagated by the Islamic parties of Pakistan in the camps of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. The Deobandi sect emerged not as a reactionary movement but as a progressive movement in British India. In 1967, the Deobandis had about 9,000 schools throughout South Asia, and in 1988, the number of these schools reached 8,000 formal schools and 25,000 informal schools in Pakistan alone. These schools are financed by Saudi Arabia and pro-Wahhabi parties, including Jamiat al-Ulama It was done by them. Eight Taliban ministers and more than twenty governors and senior officials of this group graduated from Maulana Samiul Haq Madrasah, which is one of the main branches of Deobandism. Yunus Khalis and Maulvi Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi, two jihadi leaders, also graduated from these schools. More than 30% of Taliban forces were students of Deoband schools. This percentage is separate from the thousands of militias and employees of the Ministry of Interior of Pakistan who were helping the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In continuation of their crimes and in an anti-human act, the Taliban purged all government offices of Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara employees, as a result of which 32,000 government employees were dismissed from their duties as undesirable persons. Prior to this, the operation of removing women from government duty took place in two stages. First, women were expected to receive a monthly allowance, and in the second stage, women were completely excluded from the formation of the government and were also deprived of the allowance. Seeking knowledge is a must for every man and woman. The Taliban broke this hypothesis and after capturing Kabul in an unforgivable crime against the country's education community, they closed 63 schools during the first three months of their occupation of Kabul, as a result of which 103,000 girls and 148,000 boys stopped studying. 11,200 teachers, 7,800 of whom were women, were banned from teaching. They also closed Kabul University and thus about 10,000 students, 4,000 of whom were girls, were imprisoned in their homes. The Taliban's opposition to women's education was rooted in their political beliefs and ideologies, not in Islam. No girl has ever gone to school in Mulla Omar's hometown, basically there is no school for girls. Following the misogynistic actions of the Taliban, more than a hundred women of Herat were the first group to protest against the fascist policies of the Taliban in 1996. Seeking knowledge is a must for every man and woman. The Taliban broke this hypothesis and after capturing Kabul in an unforgivable crime against the country's education community, they closed 63 schools during the first three months of their occupation of Kabul, as a result of which 103,000 girls and 148,000 boys stopped studying. 11,200 teachers, 7,800 of whom were women, were banned from teaching. They also closed Kabul University and thus about 10,000 students, 4,000 of whom were girls, were imprisoned in their homes. The Taliban's opposition to women's education was rooted in their political beliefs and ideologies, not in Islam. No girl has ever gone to school in Mulla Omar's hometown, basically there is no school for girls. Following the misogynistic actions of the Taliban, more than a hundred women of Herat were the first group to protest against the fascist policies of the Taliban in 1996.

Taliban and promotion of drugs

The Holy Quran is a divine book that prohibits Muslims from producing and consuming intoxicants. However, the Taliban issued a religious license to the farmers to cultivate poppy, contrary to the divine and Quranic rules. Abdul Rashid, head of the Taliban's anti-narcotics department, says: "Opium cultivation is allowed, because infidels consume it, not Muslims or Afghans." Therefore, we grow opium and import wheat from Pakistan. In order to increase their income and finance their wars, the Taliban legalized the production and trade of narcotics. Between 1992 and 1995, the Taliban regularly produced 2,200 to 2,400 tons of opium every year. According to the United Nations, this number reached 2,600 tons in 1996 and a year later in 1997, it increased by 25% to 2,800 tons. The Taliban has made the trade and transportation of narcotics easier than in the past, in addition to providing transportation facilities for land convoys that were working from the southern regions of the country on the way to Helmand, Kandahar, Pakistan, Iran and Turkmenistan. Air transportation was also provided to smugglers for drug smuggling. In 1997, the Taliban transported opium from Kandahar and Jalalabad to Persian Gulf ports such as Abu Dhabi and Sharjah by Ariana cargo planes and other foreign private companies. While in 1998, the Taliban's income from opium production reached 3 billion dollars, but the Taliban allocated a budget of 100,000 dollars this year for all development and administrative programs of the country.

Taliban and the expansion of terrorism base in the country

At the beginning of the Jihad, Pakistan's intelligence agency started an initiative that was later supported by the intelligence agencies of the United States of America, England, and Saudi Arabia. In an international call, AS-A invited all the Muslims of the world to join the ranks of the Mujahideen to support the Afghan Jihad. Between 1982 and 1992, thousands of Muslim extremists, most of whom were nationals of Arab countries, entered the war in Afghanistan. Osama Bin Laden, a citizen of Saudi Arabia and the son of Muhammad Bin Laden, is one of these extremists who entered Peshawar in 1980 and settled in this city in 1982 after meeting with the Mujahideen leaders. [ Osama bin Laden established his first terrorist base in Khost province for foreign extremists and Afghans and chose himself as their leader. Osama bin Laden became the leader of 35,000 extremists who had entered the war against the Soviet Union from 43 countries to help the Mujahideen and provide military training. Over time, Osama's terrorist bases expanded in the provinces of Nangarhar, Kunara, Nuristan, Badakhshan, Paktia, Paktika, Helmand, etc. Osama bin Laden went to Sudan in 1992 to take part in the Islamic revolution there under the charismatic leadership of Hassan Torabi. He was expelled from Sudan after pressure from Saudi Arabia and the United States of America and returned to Afghanistan in May 1996 and was under the protection of the Jalalabad Council. The Philippines, Algeria, Kenya, Pakistan, Africa and America moved towards Kandahar and were supported by Mullah Omar and once again started supporting terrorist bases in Somalia, Egypt, Sudan, Yemen and Afghanistan. The Taliban and a number of other jihadist organizations made Afghanistan a safe base for Al-Qaeda terrorists. Al-Qaeda, using the soil of Afghanistan and the support of jihadi groups and the Taliban, was able to carry out a hundred terrorist attacks in the world against the interests of the West, especially the United States of America, the biggest of which is the attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York and the attack on the United States Department of Defense. After this incident, the United States of America, with the cooperation of the international community, attacked Afghanistan on October 7, 2001 at 8:45 p.m. local time with the cooperation of the international community, and Kandahar, Helmand and Zabul were the last bases in the 16th month of this year. The international terrorism of Taliban and Al-Qaeda fell to the hands of foreign and Afghan forces.

How Dr. Najibullah was killed

After the coalition of the flag faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan with mainly Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara Mojahedin groups, this faction launched a political coup against the United Nations peace plan and Dr. Najibullah's government and prevented the realization of the peace process. In contrast to Dr. Najibullah, the President of Afghanistan at the time, based on the request of the groups involved in the war and the implementation of the peace process, which led to the transfer of power to a 15-person council, he resigned from the position of president, and according to the needs of the time, the implementation of the peace process and the request of the United Nations representative decided to leave the country. But the military members of the coup plotters under the command of General Dostum, who occupied the Kabul airport, acted against the commitments they had with the United Nations representative regarding Dr. Najib's departure from the country. After this incident, President Najibullah took refuge at the United Nations office in Kabul and spent more than four years there. On the 5th day of Mizan 1375, hours after the escape of Ahmad Shah Massoud's forces from the country's capital and before the complete occupation of Kabul by the Taliban forces by a homogeneous group "probably the envoys of the Pakistan Intelligence Organization" from the United Nations representative office together with his brother They were dragged out against all national and international laws and regulations, killed in the presidential palace and hanged in the four roads of Ariana. Although the Taliban claimed responsibility for the murder of Dr. Najib, in addition to various other factors, reports indicate that Gharzi Khakhool, the operative deputy of the Taliban's intelligence department and a prominent member of the Ghorhank De Soli Party, is the main cause of Dr. Najib's murder. As mentioned above, one of the main factors of Dr. Najib's amazing fate can be found in the betrayal of his party friends and relatives and his own mistakes in the last months of his government. Another factor that brought Najib close to death was the non-approval of the Rabbani government for his departure from the country. During Rabbani's rule, the representative of the United Nations and personal friends of Dr. Najib tried many times to transfer Najib and his companions out of Afghanistan, but every time they faced opposition from Rabbani's government. In this case, the Mujahideen leaders have never officially and transparently said no, and there was no doubt that the Jihadi leaders were extremely afraid of Najib's freedom or transfer to another country. In addition, a number of leaders of the flag branch of the People's Party in the composition of the National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan led by General Abdul Rashid Dostum, who were in a political alliance with the Mojahedin groups, did not consider Dr. Najib's release or withdrawal from the supervision of the United Nations office to their advantage. The release or transfer of Dr. Najib to a foreign country could create a great political challenge for the Mojahedin factions who had lost their credibility in the public opinion to a great extent during the civil wars. Dr. Najib's character has existed in intellectual and political circles with the passing of time, in an aura of conflicting viewpoints mixed with hatred and admiration. The image of Dr. Najib today in public opinion is clearly different from Najib of the 1960s. After his death, Najib earned the title of martyr of the ideals of peace and reconciliation among a group of people. Many people believe that Dr. Najibullah's current popularity among some sections of the people is a reaction to the performance of the governments after him. As the governments after Najib, until today, whatever they do in the name of peace and reconciliation, is actually the continuation of Dr. Najibullah's policy, a policy that has remained incomplete and failed until today.

What are people saying?

Have the residents of Kabul forgotten the memory of the fifth measure after fifteen years? What is Dr. Najibullah's position among the people now? Some people are of the opinion that Dr. Najib was killed because of the disputed lands between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Others say that Dr. Najibullah, despite being the president of Afghanistan for six years, did not accumulate wealth and after the end of his rule, the family Ash migrated in Pakistan and India and not even a single house is left of him. Most of the members of his cabinet lived in government apartments (Makroyans) with other government employees and families of martyrs and used ordinary and cheap cars. Some consider the government of the People's Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to be the government of the people. These numbers say that the government of the Democratic Republic, especially with the appointment of Dr. Najibullah, paid general attention to the provision of social services. In order to improve the lives of government employees, both high-ranking and low-ranking employees, the government had distributed raw material coupons, so that people could get the basic food items they needed (flour, oil, sugar, soap, tea, stationery) for free or by paying a small amount. , beans, etc.). Also, the government distributed food and fuel (relief materials) to the needy, poor families and immigrants, and for those who suffered life and financial losses in the rocket attacks of the Mujahideen groups, they compensated by distributing cash and treated the war wounded for free. were doing The government of the People's Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, in another unique move, distributed medical service insurance booklets for the first time. By using this privilege, people no longer had to spend a lot of money for their treatment. People would get 100% treatment by paying 10% of their treatment cost. According to the latest evaluations and published reports about the administrative corruption of the previous governments of Afghanistan, the democratic system was one of the systems of Afghanistan in which administrative corruption was either not at all or rarely observed. The memory of Khad's presidency Undoubtedly, not all people have fond memories of Dr. Najibullah. A number of people are of the opinion that the character and performance of Dr. Najibullah, the former president of Afghanistan, is tied to the Ministry of State Security (Khad), which is responsible for killing and torturing thousands of government opponents and civilians. Dr. Najibullah was the head of Khad in the beginning of the 1960s, whose name in the minds of some people brings to life the memory of torture and mass killing of government opponents. Despite all this, after fifteen years since the death of Dr. Najibullah, the late president of Afghanistan, his photos and films are hanging on the doors and walls of people's houses, just like the photos of the current president of the country (Hamid Karzai), and people like Masoud. Dr. Najibullah is also bought and sold from hand to hand and people use them. After Dr. Najibullah became a refugee, Mr. Philip Carvin, the political deputy of Benin Sivan, the special representative of this organization for Afghanistan affairs, went to the headquarters of the party to negotiate with the members of the executive committee of the Watan Party. After this meeting, Mr. Philip Carvin said that our negotiator (Philip Carvin and Benin Sivan) Suleiman Laeeq was worthy of the executive head of Watan Party. In these negotiations, along with the discussion on advancement and transfer of power, the issue of Dr. Najib's departure was once again raised with Suleiman Laeeq. In these negotiations, Karvin told Laeeq that the removal of Dr. Najibullah was the wish of all groups. But Dr. Najibullah's stay in Kabul is not useful for the peace process. So he demands that he leave the country immediately. If anything happens to him, it will have a bad effect on Afghanistan. There must be a guarantee for his safe departure from the country so that the peace process can win, otherwise enmity against Dr. Najibullah will be encouraged. But Suleiman Laeeq tells the UN special representative and his deputy that it is unfortunate, Dr. Najib wanted to sneak out of the country and you helped him. Najib should be transferred to his residence again so that we can decide about his departure. But the special representative of the United Nations, who decided to expel Dr. Najib from the country based on the previous agreements of the Watan party's executive board, tells Suleiman Laeeq that Dr. Najib requested asylum from the United Nations office, if we don't accept him, there will be bigger problems. It will be created for the Afghan peace process. You decide which one is more important to you. Preventing the departure of Najibullah or cooperating with the peace process? Denying the commitment to leave the country as a protector of Dr. Najibullah, Laeeq said: There is a misunderstanding in this case, there are certain procedures that must be followed. The question is, if disrupting Dr. Najib's escape plan was only issued by General Dostum's personal order? So Suleiman Laeeq, the main ally of Dr. Chara, was angry about the doctor's escape. However, it is clear from the course of Suleiman Laeeq's negotiations with Binin Sivan that the senior leaders of the party and the government were never satisfied with the president's escape and had made a collective decision to prevent his escape. General Dostum says in this regard: I wanted to transfer Dr. Najib safely to Mazar-i-Sharif and then hand him over to the United Nations. My people had surrounded Moazaf and the plane in the airfield to implement this. But I really did not know about the obstacle that was created on the way of Dr. Najib to the airport. But General Nabi Azimi says: General Majid Rosi, one of the generals of the National Movement, foiled Dr. Najib's escape plan and wanted to stop him. In the small UN shelter in Kabul, Najib was practically captured by the forces he had fought against for years. Dr. Najib lived with his brother Shapour Ahmadzai, his personal bodyguard General Hayat Jafsar and his assistant Ishaq Tokhi in a mansion rented by the United Nations. Tokhi's wife and three children were also present among these refugees. In the small UN shelter in Kabul, Najib was practically captured by the forces he had fought against for years. Dr. Najib lived with his brother Shapour Ahmadzai, his personal bodyguard General Hayat Jafsar and his assistant Ishaq Tokhi in a mansion rented by the United Nations. Tokhi's wife and three children were also present among these refugees. Some of the military officials of the Mojahedin government, especially Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim, the Minister of Security, and his family members used to meet with Dr. Najib. Najib and his brother Shapoor Ahmadzai always prayed five times in congregation, and during the holy month of Ramadan, they regularly participated in the Taraweeh prayer and the end of the Holy Quran. At the end of every day, he used to exercise until midnight, and after that he stayed up all night and was busy reciting the Holy Qur'an and praying until around eight in the morning, and entertained himself by watching movies. During this time, the mysterious circles kept sending messages to the doctor that there is no danger in the United Nations office. You will be prominent as the leader of the country in the next developments. But there are reports from that time that Dr. Najib's cousin Hashim Paktani tried three times to poison Pakistan's old enemy (Dr. Najib) and kill him in a mysterious deal with IS circles. But it was not successful. Mrs. Fataneh, Dr. Najib's wife, called Najib on the phone one day before the arrival of the Taliban in Kabul, and assured him of any possible danger to his life and said that they have sent us messages from all sides not to leave the United Nations office and security. You and your companions are fully provided for. The decisive hours came and at the end of the fifth day of 1375, when the Taliban fighters intensified their advance from three directions to capture Kabul, the Mujahideen forces began to withdraw from Kabul. Marshal Fahim sent four people to Dr. Najib on the order of Ahmad Shah Massoud, so that if Dr. Salah knows, he can leave Kabul with the government forces. Muhammad Ishaq Tokhi says that these people have no documents that prove their affiliation with Dr. Najib. They did not have Fahim to prove it. On this basis, Dr. Najib refused to accept their invitation and said: Fahim should have conveyed Massoud's message to me. Mr. Tokhi, quoting Dr. Najib, adds: If the government leaders would have felt responsible for my fate as a political refugee, they would have responded to the request of Mr. Goldwyn, the Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations, for the safe departure of me and my companions from Afghanistan. They gave positive. The next hour, the advance units of the Taliban reached Zaman Khan Fort, three kilometers from the United Nations office. A group of three armed men entered the UN office where Dr. Najib and his companions were staying. Najib recognized all of them in the first encounter and talked to them in a familiar tone until the end. When God Hafizi Najib accompanied them to the door. The Taliban arrived again at 2:30 AM and entered the United Nations mansion to talk to the doctor. After the conversation, Dr. Najib accompanied them to the door. The car had not started yet when Dr. Najib kept saying to one of the audience: Janeh: The truth is true!..... The truth is true! Meanwhile, one of the Taliban said: Our leader is in the citadel and wants to see you. Dr. Najib did not give an immediate answer to the audience, but the secrets of the other party continued. The conversation became tense. But the Taliban's secrets and arguments to Dr. Najib to go to the citadel were slowly showing their effect. The doctor was walking towards the gate of the Taliban car, which had already been opened. The doctor was first dragged into the car without resistance and then by force. The violence and hatred of the Taliban had doubled in their faces and they pushed Jafsar away with violence and kicking. Before the cars started moving, Najib's conversation with the Taliban inside the cabin had reached the border of conflict and the doctor's voice could be heard saying the name of his addressee continuously. Soul! Tekho zama is a true story......... my dear! Tekho zama is a true story! The violence increased and Dr. Najib was waving his hand from inside the car to Shapoor Ahmedzai who was standing next to Jafsar and begging him to come with him. The person next to the doctor violently moved the window lifter, so that the window was raised strongly and Najib's hand was out of it up to the elbow area, and the car started and Dr. Najib was taken away. The Taliban entered the United Nations office for the third time at four in the morning and this time they took Shapoor Ahmadzai with them. Karachi vegetable vendors who were moving from Yeka Tut and Gable Bai areas to the center of the city from the Ariana crossroads informed the United Nations office officials that two people were hanged from a rope at the Ariana crossroads. The United Nations agents moved towards the intersection of Ariana and at the intersection, their eyes fell on the bodies of two men who were hanged by a rope from the throat of the high chamber of the traffic station. Learns. Dr. Najib and Shapoor Ahmadzai. Najib was fighting with the Taliban in the car in the distance from the United Nations office to the Ariana intersection, and the Taliban were continuously beating him with the butt of the gun from both sides and behind. Before the car reached the Ariana intersection, one of the Taliban hit Che, seriously wounding his arm, and then some Taliban who were riding in the back of a colored steel pick-up shot him dead. It is said that Najib's body was first left on the side of the road and then he was hanged with a rope. The prevailing speculation among the people is that some Pakistani officials, as Najib's long-time enemies (Nasirullah Babar, Interior Minister of Benazir Bhutto's government, known as the father of the Taliban, General Hameed Gul, former head of the intelligence organization of the Pakistan Army) as the main perpetrators of the murder of Dr. Najib were present in Kabul. At the same time, a number of observers claim that on the night of the arrival of the Taliban in Kabul, General Shahnawaz Thani, the former Minister of Defense, who fled to Pakistan after the failed coup against Dr. They sent for Dr. Najibullah. But Haji Bashir is one of the prominent people of the Taliban at the time of the ruling of that group in the country, who has been in one of the American prisons for the past two years on charges of leading drug trafficking networks. He said about the people who took Dr. Najib out of the United Nations office that Mullah Ghazi was the leader of this group, who took the doctor from there to Ariana intersection and hanged him. Waheed Mojdeh, an expert on political issues, is of the opinion that Dr. Najib was undoubtedly killed based on the joint plan of Pakistan's intelligence agency (ISA) and Shahnawaz Tani. Mojdeh says that many Taliban were not familiar with the roads and different areas of the city. They asked every passer-by and traffic they encountered, where is this place? The secret of Dr. Najib's murder was discovered when a person named Dr. Nader Shah Ahmadzai, who was in charge of Masoud's spy network, was transferred to the Taliban's intelligence office in Kabul. Ahmadzai, who knew Gharzi from the past, says that Gharzi had a relationship with Karneel Saeed Imam, an officer of Pakistan's intelligence agency. During the time of the Taliban, Colonel Imam worked at the former Austrian embassy in Kabul Pashte, Kabul, and all the ISI intelligence equipment was housed in this building. In 2005, Gharzi published a short pamphlet called Niazmaide. What is important in this pamphlet is the biography that Mr. Gharzi wrote about himself on the fourth page of the back of the book. Now there are first-hand documents written by Gharzi about the murder of Dr. Najib. Gharzi's confessions in these papers are very scary and frank. Gharzi's answer to Mustang's questions during his arrest in Jalalabad shows that the party (De Soli Ghorhang) is responsible for the murder of Dr. Najib. At the time of his arrest, Gharzi told the Taliban that we are proud that Dr. Najibullah and Ahmadzai, his Khadist brother, were killed. When we brought them to the citadel, Karneel Imam and the leader of Ghorhang and some Taliban and Bahlul Sahib were with me. Gharzi continues his investigation and says that we punished the last agent of the Russians and the murderer of the nation. We got the intention of Asif Shur from Najibullah. We will never put the responsibility of this work on the shoulders of Tehreek-e-Islami Taliban. When Mullah Omar Akhand learned about this action, we told him that we took revenge on our comrades. However, the Taliban regime's foreign minister, Vakil Ahmed Mutawakkel, denied Gharzi's confessions and identified Tehreek-e-Taliban as responsible for the murder of Dr. Najibullah. Lawyer Ahmed Mutawakkel: "You know better that during the war, unnatural accidents happen and there are those who use these situations to take revenge. Military people do things that are not required in a regular office. I think that when the Taliban entered Kabul, they had control so that damage and bad things would not happen again. Najib was killed in the same circumstances and it is true that the Taliban killed him because he was a criminal and had killed hundreds of political forces, scholars and influential people without trial. But he should have been given time because he had a lot of information and information, and if he was left until he was tried, it would have been good. But this did not work. And among the Taliban there were those whose father or brother was killed by Najibullah's people. It was these people who took revenge on Najib and killed him. And one of those you mentioned was Gharzi. He was not a Taliban at all, but he prevented the Taliban from being in Nangarhar at that time. " The illegitimate group of the Taliban did not value the laws and regulations of the country and to achieve their goals, which were arresting people or looting public and private facilities, they violated Islamic social obligations and entered people's homes and places. People and offices of national and international institutions were attacked. Unidentified armed men, whom Mr. Vakil Ahmed Mutawakkul, the foreign minister of the Taliban group, calls them related to the Taliban group, attacked the office of the United Nations representative in Afghanistan several times in the first hours of the occupation of Kabul, and in their first attack, Dr. Najibullah, the president They took the former to Afghanistan with the intention of execution. But the question is that the execution of a president without trial is not a crime, and the attack on the United Nations representative office is not a violation of accepted international laws and obligations regarding the immunity of international institutions by countries. ? Maybe they have understood that there is no such thing as law enforcement in Afghanistan. Tens of thousands of Dr. Najib's supporters who sacrificed their lives for him. Why didn't they raise a hand to defend the doctor in these years? Gharzi Khakhozhi, a member of the Karzai S team, was responsible for Mr. Hamid Karzai's presidential campaign in Islamabad during the first round of the presidential election. But in practice, he is a prominent staff of Pakistan's intelligence agency, who has been exempted from arrest and prosecution on this occasion. Those who have taken the law on paper hostage in order to fulfill their unjust goals are afraid that bringing Gharzi and his criminal partners to the database will open the way to bring other criminals.

Introduction of Dr. Najib

Dr. Najib's son, Akhtar Mohammad, was born in 1326 (1947 AD) in a family belonging to the Ahmad Zai Gholjai tribe in the village of Milan in the southeastern province of Paktia. His father was the commercial consul of Afghanistan in Peshawar in the 1960s. Najibullah received his graduation certificate from Habibie High School in 1340-1964 and graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of Kabul University in 1354-1975. In 1965 AD (1344 A.D.), he was accepted as a member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and soon rose from the advanced ranks in party activities. He spoke eloquently in Dari and Pashto and also fluent in English. Najib was among the limited number of those who had read almost all Marxist works and used the courage and knowledge of books to give speeches in the presence of party supporters. It is said that he memorized several verses of the Holy Quran. Because he was infatuated with Barak Carmel, he was the leader of the flag branch, and sometimes he appeared in the role of Carmel's bodyguard. During his student days, Najib was among those who had physical fights with his political rivals, and a special group of Pargami activists had gathered around him. He was sent to prison twice during his political activities during the reign. When the military coup on the 7th of Thor 1357 overthrew the Muhammad Daud Khan Republic, Najibullah, the student president of Kabul University in 1976 (1355 AD), was serving as the secretary of the Kabul city committee affiliated with the Pargham branch. But in 1356-1977, he became a member of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party. In April 1978, he was sent to Tehran as Afghanistan's ambassador. From 1980 (1359) to 1985 (late 1364) he was the head of Khad State Intelligence Service. On May 4, 1986 (1365 solar), the 18th Plenum of the Central Committee elected him as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. A few months later (November of the same year), he was announced as the president of Afghanistan.

What are human rights?

Human rights are basic rights and freedoms that are registered in the constitution, declarations, covenants, agreements, protocols and other international human rights documents that Afghanistan is committed to observe and implement. Human rights are the minimum requirements that all human beings have the right to demand and benefit from. Human rights provide the basis and moral foundations, dignity and equality of all human beings and create the need to provide opportunities for their full development. Humans are created free from the point of view of dignity and rights. This means that they have rights by nature, not that they are given, bought, acquired, or inherited. Human rights are the same for everyone, regardless of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, political opinion, social or national origin, or other considerations, these rights are the same for all humans and are universal. Human rights cannot be usurped because they are indivisible. Human rights can be limited except in accordance with the laws of a democratic society and to the extent that it is considered necessary to protect the rights of others. In order to live with dignity and dignity, all human beings deserve freedom, security and decent living standards for all. Human rights cannot be divided because they are all interrelated and indivisible. Human rights are based on the principles of respect for human dignity. The human rights law obliges governments to adhere to all human rights positions, provisions and obligations that are committed to its implementation. Human rights, through universal legal guarantees, protect individuals and groups against the actions of governments that interfere with fundamental freedoms, dignity and human dignity.

Genocide

Genocide means any of the following actions that are committed with the intention of destroying all or part of a group.
1- Killing members of a group
2- Severe damage to the physical or mental health of a group
3- Deliberately exposing a group to an inappropriate living situation that leads to the deterioration of its physical strength.
4- Actions to be taken in order to prevent the succession and reproduction of a group.

Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity are any of the acts described below, when they are committed knowingly or unknowingly in the framework of a large-scale attack on a civilian population.
1- Murder
2- Qal and Qom (uprooting)
3- Being enslaved
4- Torture
5- Sexual assault
6- Sexual slavery
7- Deportation or forced migration of a population
8- Imprisoning or causing severe deprivation of physical freedom
9 - Forced prostitution
10- Forced pregnancy
11- Forced sterilization (sterility of a woman)
12- Racial discrimination
13- Suffering
14- Other inhuman acts

Human Rights Violations

Actions that according to the 1949 Gino Commissions and its annexed protocols are considered gross violations of human rights. They are:
1- Intentional killing
2- Torture
3- Inhuman behavior
4- Biological experiments
5- Causing great suffering or severe injury to the body or health
6- Destruction and confiscation of property
7- Forcing prisoners of war with other persons to serve in the enemy's armed forces
8- Denying a fair trial
9- Illegal imprisonment
10- Hostage taking
11- Attack on civilians
12- Attack on employees and charities
13- Killing or wounding a fighter who puts down his weapon
14- Amputation
15- Looting
16- Using poison or chemical weapons
17- Using prohibited weapons
18- Defamation of personal dignity

What is justice and transitional justice?

I still think that we have come a long way, and until now I have told you stories from the streets of Ketch and Pitch of the last three decades of Afghanistan's history, and maybe I have made you more worried because of their old age. Now I don't know how I feel. I dare to speak about justice. The justice that we haven't touched yet and you have been waiting for it for years. But we are determined to depict opposite viewpoints from this holy word. In addition, justice is so important from the point of view of the holy religion of Islam that it alone is equal to all the values of God's religion. In other words, justice and fairness are placed on one side and the rest of the values offered by the religion of God "J" are placed on the other side. Accordingly, the root of all human movements in all dimensions, including judicial rights, political rights, citizenship rights, and all of these are based on truth and justice, and if there is justice, other divine values will also appear and each of them can have their rightful place. find themselves and play a role in the real structure of society. But if there is no justice, the other beauties will turn into ugliness. It can also be said that if there is no justice, even generosity, courage and fatwa, which are all serious categories in ethics, will not work. So the mother of all human and divine virtues is undoubtedly justice. Hazrat Haq Ta'ala also says in Surah Al-Nisaa: "Judge and rule among people with justice." Dealing with the category of justice and judgment may be exceptions and cases that are under the jurisdiction of the judiciary as a completely specialized matter. But many matters of justice and fairness are common knowledge and this is one of the blessings of God's religion that addresses the general public. Justice, as it is defined, is actually putting everything in its place. As the Lord of the worlds has placed each of his body parts in the best place in the creation of man, and God Almighty also mentioned this issue in the Holy Qur'an: Justice means avoiding extremes, both of which are harmful to humans. It means that everything and everything should be done in moderation. "In Allah Yamar Bal Adl wa Al-Ihsan" God commands mankind to observe justice and beneficence, and the happiness of man is in observing this, and in another hadith it is stated that "Khir al-Amur Bal Al-Ihsaan" means that the best deeds are done in a state of moderation. That is, in every action, not too much and too much and too little and too little. It means neither excessive violence nor excessive lenience, this is justice.

Justice and its place in the Qur'an

One of the most important topics in political philosophy is the principle of justice. Proposing issues such as the issue of justice in a society indicates the political and intellectual life of that society. Because no living and dynamic society is exempt from these issues. A society that does not raise these categories does not announce its lack of need, but reveals its neglect, painlessness, and degradation. Since justice is first of all an issue that is rooted in the intellect and nature of human beings, and secondly, it has been emphasized a lot in the holy religion of Islam, and every human being has a vital need for it, so its continuous plan in the society is both a condition of religion and a condition humanity According to the point of view of some thinkers, the fundamental condition of religion is the implementation of justice in the society, because it is through the implementation of justice that the requirements for growth in the society are created. Dear fellow countrymen: Let's see how scientists and intelligent people have defined justice and how they have demonstrated the human desire for justice.

Definition of justice from the eyes of scientists
Plato believes that justice is a relatively complex matter that only those trained in philosophy have access to and cannot be reached with the help of sense and experience. According to Aristotle, justice is a virtue by which everyone should be given what he is entitled to. Aristotle says that the rights of individuals should be respected and the rights of each individual should be given to him. Compatriots, do you agree with these definitions, will you point out some points in this definition, well, let's consider another definition: Allameh Tabatabai considers the main meaning of justice to be equality between affairs. It means to give each matter what it deserves so that all matters are equal. Everyone should be in their rightful place. As a rule, the meaning of equality between affairs is to establish equality between those affairs in terms of assignments and entitlements. Because, justice should not be interpreted as equality and benefit of any kind of discrimination. Because this meaning requires that no entitlement be respected and that everyone is treated equally. Finally, in the definition, it should be said that what the peacemaker is against is non-discrimination, respect for equality among all - of course, with equal rights. If it is not accepted as a definition, at least one of What black hand has created a deformed Hegel in the midst of such a divine phenomenon. What kind of monster has removed the obstacles and paved the way for the realization of transitional justice for those who seek justice. In addition, the realization of justice and transitional justice is sweeter than honey for some people and bitterer than poison for others. The realization of transitional justice for jihadist leaders, human rights violators and war criminals, powerful and powerful people who cause the nature of their anti-human and Islamic crimes to be exposed and their feet to the trial and justice table, is bitter like poison and justice as They die in a hurry. But for the oppressed and deprived of our society, who have been unjustly oppressed by the rulers of the previous governments, there is nothing sweeter and sweeter than justice in the world. In general, providing justice is beneficial for all people, and if everyone obeys the laws and rules of the holy religion of Islam and the Qur'an and allows justice to prevail. No one will complain about the adversities and pain of life anymore. I think and believe that you are with me that the obstacles to the realization of transitional justice are: I find it necessary to better portray such obstacles and I believe that these obstacles are contrary to what they mentioned and share with friends.

Internal barriers and external barriers
1 - Internal obstacles: In the categories of internal obstacles, examples can be included which in turn are the basic rules of these forms, and now I want to mention these factors numerically.
1- The position of criminals in Afghanistan is considered to be like pilgrims on the holy path. In this case, there are two opinions and it has made it difficult for us to define criminals. Some people consider them as the people of Jihad period, and some others consider their hands to be stained with the blood of the people after the eight bulls. Therefore, it is difficult for me to choose one of these two. Choose one of your fellow countrymen. A criminal who can become a saint or a saint who has black spots on his forehead. It is surprising that he called a crime holy and called a holy thing a crime.

Their transformation into elders of the people

The wars and conflicts of the last decades have emptied the cities and villages of the elders of the people, and others, like thunderbolts, have glorified the elders of the people. This greatness, because it was accidental and forced, did not take long and forced the great one to act instead of being for the good of his people and nation. He took up arms against them and created a small government in his small pen and considered his every oppressive act as law and called his crime good deeds for the people.

Having high government positions

This happened suddenly and randomly. Power was transferred from the Taliban to the forces of the Northern Front and a class of Western elites, and then high government positions were given to the same oppressors and war criminals, but with different disguises and faces. It has been the same in the past. Sometimes, the place of violators and violators was changed to party and jihad, and sometimes the Moors from the east and west took the place of these violators. But the people are the same as they were and the criminals were the same as they are.
2- External obstacles: I don't want to be superficial in external factors. I want to tell the untold stories of those who come hand in hand to occupy us outside our borders. Although our people have been familiar with these conspiracies for many years and have stood up against it, and with loneliness and helplessness have taken steady steps to realize their rights, but still this cruel monster with strong and old roots against the demands of we have ourselves.

Creating another power in the country

Our foreign friends started working to create a gap in the will of the people, not from outside the house but from inside the house. Foreigners needed a suitable place to fulfill their dreams, so they have been busy creating such an environment for thirty years and they were successful to a large extent. The approval of the National Reconciliation Charter of the Parliament can be seen as one of these achievements. But they understood the will of the people and the demand of the times and therefore created a new power in the country. In addition, the international community and the great powers of the world were never honest with Afghanistan and its pains, and they always played double standards with the important issues of our country, and this is the truth. For a long time, we hear and find words from the language and from the books that prove the existence of two main powers of the world. Foreign countries, through their intelligence organizations, quickly made other groups with names like Communism, Mujahid and Taleb powerful and made them rulers over us, and after the expiration date, they included him in their Red, Green and CIA lists. and they impose another stranger with the terminology of democracy and freedom with another color that we are not familiar with, and create another evil on us. It is interesting that former friends of these foreigners become corrupt and sometimes these same corrupt friends become close to them. The support of big countries to criminals who are mostly included in their black, red and green lists. It will be interesting for you, dear reader, that a number of friendly and brotherly countries support the old criminals as angels, and another number of these countries support the criminals of yesterday and today. But you and I know that a criminal is a criminal, whether he is from the right or the left, or from which group, party, or any other nation, with a different color or politics, of course, we should not forget that there are criminals with different colors. Holy, they display humanitarian and peaceful works. Although the inclusion of a number of war criminals in the government institutions of the Afghan government is one of the major reasons for the implementation of transitional justice. But I don't know what quantity their real number shows, and history dictates the need for a wide search in order to establish the totality of such people. But I don't know when we can see their faces in black on one of the roads in Kabul. I have such a wish from God. [ The criminals of our country are unique compared to the criminals of other countries of the world. In other countries, criminals live for a short or medium term and their effectiveness is achieved in a short or medium time. But in my country and in your country, criminals carry out crime as a profession with extremely good skills and abilities, and they have done a lot of capacity building in this regard. How they killed, how they kidnapped, how they insulted and how they traded against the national enemy is associated with more than 30 years of experience. In other countries, the crime of criminals ends with their death. But the oppression of the criminals of our country continued from the moment of death for a long time. If one day the grace of God covers our situation and the evil of one of these criminals is removed from our heads by death, burying it in the ground and reciting the Fatiha with a world of modesty and responsibility It is for our dear people. The competition of regional and international powers has also been able to widen the field for criminals, including the black list and other colors, so that the criminals' horses take the field, fly and sit quietly on the ground, and it is even more ridiculous that the criminal is better than the justice. Human rights, freedom of speech, Islamic nationalism, democracy, or individualistic slogans.

What is transitional justice?

The text of the peace, reconciliation and justice process program for Afghanistan (transitional justice) Afghanistan is a country with a legacy of more than three decades of gross human rights violations and war crimes that have had irreparable effects on people's lives. With the establishment of the new system in Afghanistan, the government of this country, by transitioning from war to peaceful life and consolidating national reconciliation by dealing boldly, based on justice and avoiding revenge in the country, will find ways to build coexistence among the citizens of this country. The country sought the principles of tolerance, forgiveness and the demands of a social system based on rights and law. Based on the provisions of the country's constitution, the government of Afghanistan took the first step by establishing the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan in June 2002. Based on the decree of President Hamid Karzai, this commission has been authorized to carry out national consultations and prepare a national strategy of transitional justice in order to deal with past crimes. The report of the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan under the name "People's voice for providing justice" in which more than 6000 Afghan citizens were consulted, was accepted by President Karzai in January 2005. After that, Hamid Karzai ordered his advisers to draw up an action plan based on the findings and suggestions of the report in order to implement the national strategy of peace, reconciliation and justice for Afghanistan in cooperation with the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan, the United Nations Human Rights Commission. prepare This program was prepared in cooperation with the aforementioned institutions and was presented for discussion and review at the Peace, Reconciliation and Justice Summit in The Hague, the Netherlands on June 6-7, 2005, and was welcomed by representatives of the international community, organizations and institutions defending human rights and countries. Helper was placed. [[ The action plan of the process of peace, reconciliation and justice for Afghanistan (transitional justice) has a multidimensional concept that is related to issues such as the rule of law and reforms in the security, justice and governance sectors. The term "transitional justice" is used for a set of solutions with the efforts of communities to deal with past crimes, provide accountability, implement justice and achieve reconciliation. These can be a combination of judicial and non-judicial solutions, participation or non-participation of the international community at different levels, trial of individuals, compensation, truth-seeking, organizational reforms, competence review and dismissal from official positions. [ The effort to generalize the culture of forgiveness, brotherly and sisterly love, strengthening solidarity between today's and tomorrow's generations of the country is the main origin of the action plan. The positive experiences of countries that have gone through bloody crises show that the strategy of transitional justice should be a balanced and logical relationship between finding the truth, treating the victims, integrating the deceived and perpetrators into society, compensation, maintaining peace and stability, Consolidation of democracy, rule of law and implementation of justice. In the action plan of the process of peace, reconciliation and justice for Afghanistan, it has been tried to realize the main elements of transitional justice in four key sectors (symbolic measures, organizational reforms, truth-seeking, documentation and reconciliation) to be included. These four parts are not abstract concepts and separate from each other, but are inseparable parts of a whole. Reconciliation (key part four) is therefore important because the restoration of lasting peace requires social reintegration and reconciliation on this earth. Measures should be taken to enable the return and reintegration of all warring groups into the arms of society, to reduce tensions and remove the sense of belligerence and bloodshed in the country. The view of pacifism and justice does not mean condoning crimes such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and clear violations of human rights. On the contrary, boldly dealing with such cases is the most universally accepted ethical principles. In addition to this, the government of Afghanistan commits itself to refer to the constitutional bodies of Afghanistan, such as the country's parliament, if required, to create institutions and take necessary measures to answer based on accepted international and national standards regarding war crimes, crimes against Humanity and clear violation of human rights. Committing such crimes based on the standards of the holy religion of Islam and internationally accepted standards does not include the category of amnesty. It is accepted that criminal justice does not meet all the needs and expectations of the victims on the one hand, and on the other hand, it alone cannot help to establish a culture of tolerance, reconciliation and coexistence. Keeping this principle in mind, in the action plan, meeting the needs of the victims using the solutions of the key sections 1-2-3 (transitional justice) are considered. Acknowledging the grievances of the victims and accepting that innocent people have been oppressed and unjustified in this country, recording past events and their causes historically and comprehensively, compensating for damages, promoting national reconciliation, removing human rights violators from official positions and restoring trust. People and victims will be the minimum that should be addressed to the government. The action plan acknowledges that all solutions to create peace and justice must be with the active and meaningful participation of all national stakeholders such as judicial authorities, civil society, professional associations, Mujahideen, traditional and religious groups, victims, ex-combatants and sectors (free from The crime) of the past regimes should be implemented. There should be guarantees regarding the non-implementation of illegal and unfair punishments and ensuring the rights of all participants. Some of the measures proposed in the four key areas, for example, the creation of truth-seeking solutions or reconciliation committees, are subject to further consultation and research by those involved. Also, the action plan acknowledges the problem of coordinating the proposed measures with other programs in the field of creating institutions based on the will and participation of the people. However, as the Secretary General of the United Nations stated at the Hague Conference in the Netherlands, justice and peace are not opposite forces, but if pursued correctly and simultaneously, they strengthen and preserve each other. Therefore, the question is not whether justice will be pursued, but how and when it will be pursued. Establishing a sequence between these processes is vital. In the action plan of the peace, reconciliation and justice process, an attempt has been made to determine timelines in which the proposed goals can be reached.

destination

The items proposed in this document are to take preliminary measures to implement the national strategy of transitional justice in Afghanistan based on the government's commitments and the standards of the Constitution and the investigations of the Independent Human Rights Commission. The main goal of this strategy is to consolidate peace and stability in Afghanistan through a process that provides reconciliation and justice.

perspective

Promoting peace, reconciliation, justice and the rule of law in Afghanistan and realizing a culture of accountability and respect for human rights.

execution date

Although the realization of social justice needs more time. The time required to implement the measures proposed in this document is 3 years.

Summary

The proposal focuses on four key areas:
1- Acknowledging the sufferings of the Afghan people
2- Establishing credible and accountable government institutions and cleaning government institutions from the existence of human rights violators and war criminals.
3- Finding the truth and documenting the events and incidents in which human rights and war crimes have been committed.
4- Promoting the culture of peace and reconciliation.
After the publication of the implementation plan of the peace process, reconciliation and justice for Afghanistan (transitional justice), jihadi leaders, especially those who are accused of violating human rights and war crimes, saw their political and economic interests in danger, and considered the said plan to be a foreign, Jewish conspiracy. But some others consider transitional justice as a political tool to put pressure on them. The government opposition knows.
Burhanuddin Rabbani, the leader of Jamiat-e-Islami and the former president of Afghanistan, with the participation of most of his cabinet members, is accused of committing countless crimes against the people of Afghanistan. He condemned transitional justice and considers it a nonsense program.

Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim, the first vice president of Karzai and one of the human rights violators and war criminals, while wishing to ensure human rights in the country, says: "You are the same neutral body that has violated human rights without political tendencies. slow Those who want to provide human rights, their roots and foundations are not known where they come from. The first vice president continued his speech and said: "I do not believe in transitional justice, justice in Afghanistan was proposed by a special group with the support of external circles." I have no faith in transitional justice. " Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf, the leader of the Ittihad (Dawat) Islamic party, while he considers himself a lover of justice in the country, says: "Justice that is based on the reports of the commission led by one side of the war (Sima Samar, a member of the Unity Party) is nothing but a convulsion in The country will have no other result.

Sayaf
"Everyone loves justice, I also love justice, but which kind of justice. Justice based on the reports and evaluations of the commission headed by Sima Samar Justice that is based on the reports and evaluations of the commission headed by Sima Samar? At the head of it, if there is a direction of war, he will provide human rights. What is wrong is wrong. The process of transitional justice has been distorted by a number of complex people, who are enemies of the Mujahideen and our nation. If the discussion of justice in the country is based on these conversations, nothing else will be principled other than causing tension in this country. " [ Torn Ismail Khan, who was the emir of Malik al-Tawaifi's government in ancient Herat, is also an opponent of transitional justice. Ismail Khan considered transitional justice as an overseas program, and says that the coalition forces thought that we defeated the Taliban with a few bombs, and we will defeat the Mujahideen with a few slaps. They should not have thought like that.

Ismail Khan
"Talks like transitional justice, which originates from outside the country, cause distance and mistrust of the nation and the government, and we must avoid something that has become a means of war and violence and revives violence. The international community and the Afghan government made a mistake like the Russians. The Russians came to power with the help of their internal supporters, they did very hasty things that faced the general uprising of the people and finally failed. The coalition forces also said that we defeated the Taliban with a few bombs, we will defeat the Mujahideen with a few slaps. They should not have thought like that. " Abdul Salam Zaeef, the former ambassador of the Taliban in Pakistan, while he considers justice in the country a good thing, says that in the current situation, justice and human rights are being used politically and this is very dangerous. At the same time, the person mentioned asks the government to eradicate corruption from the area under its control.

Abdul Salam Zaeef
"This conversation is good, it should be provided in the property of Islamic justice. Where there is no justice, it is clear that there is oppression and oppression, but the truth is that the words of justice and the term human rights are used in Afghanistan for the benefit of politics, and this is dangerous. I think that Afghanistan is in dire need of security. and until security is not established, justice cannot be provided. The government should establish security and justice in the areas under its control as soon as possible and eradicate corruption. " Some other Jihadi leaders and heads of the Democratic People's Party of Afghanistan doubted the implementation of the action plan of the peace process, reconciliation and transitional justice of the Afghan government, accusing the government of dishonesty in its implementation. These leaders consider the country's executive and judicial institutions as lacking in decency and ability to recognize and try criminals and war criminals. Akbari is one of the leaders of the Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan and one of the accused of human rights violations and war crimes in the country, who accuses the government of not having the capacity and ability to prosecute war criminals.

Akbari
"The government does not have the capacity, ability and decency to prosecute the criminals. The government cannot prosecute a person who commits crimes today, let alone a rapist who committed a crime 10 or 15 years ago. I see the government as weak and the executive and judicial system of the country is also weak. " Syed Mohammad Gulab Zvi, a member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, while considering transitional justice as a slogan, says that the government could find its main position among the people by implementing the action plan of the peace, reconciliation and justice process for Afghanistan.

Gulab Zoi
"The action plan of the transitional justice process is like a slogan and nothing has been done to implement it. The existence of laws in the country was a good opportunity to implement transitional justice in the country. If there is relative peace in our country, if we could apply social justice in all fields, the government could find its place among the people, but unfortunately, due to the lack of interest of those who adopt transitional justice, this process has not been implemented, but I hope that the Afghan government and the country's human rights organizations will start working on this program as soon as possible." In addition to the widespread opposition and negative attitudes of jihadi and non-jihadi leaders to the action plan of the peace, reconciliation and justice process for Afghanistan, the Afghan government has not done anything worthwhile regarding its commitments to the people of Afghanistan and the international community to realize this plan. did not give Six years have passed since the beginning of the transitional justice process, human rights violators and war criminals, drug traffickers and terrorists were fully supported by the president and they are working freely in high government positions using the National Reconciliation Charter. In addition, President Hamid Karzai, contrary to the provisions of the second paragraph of the Transitional Justice Program, has imposed extraordinary sentences on some of these violators, criminals and wrongdoers to important civil and military officials of the government, and thinks that this shows Karzai's indifference towards It is the right of the oppressed and the deprived who, in the consultation of the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan (Voice of the People for Justice), have demanded their rights. On the other hand, it is supporting the culture of exemption and condoning the practice of collective conscience and encouraging the continuation of anti-human acts..... And it is anti-human, human rights violators and war criminals. President Karzai's lack of honesty and support for this program has caused that there has been no progress in the provision of justice, implementation and implementation of transitional justice in the country, and people are witnessing dozens of cases of injustice and crime from veterans and veterans every day for three decades. In the past, they played with the destiny of the country and nation. Shokrieh Barakzai, the people's representative in the Wolesi Jirga of Afghanistan, also accused the government of not creating the foundation for the implementation of the transitional justice program.

Shogarbeh Barakzai
"The Afghan government has accepted the project of transitional justice, which is common in post-war countries, but did not create the basis for its implementation. We have to eradicate the culture of crime from the country and in this case we need the comprehensive and unparalleled support of the international community. I am hopeful that in the not too distant future this dream of ours will come true and the people of Afghanistan will have access to justice and everyone will be held accountable for what they have done. " However, Sibghatullah Sanjar, the head of presidential policies and the person responsible for pursuing the transitional justice program, considers the lack and incapacity of the relevant institutions to be the main reasons for the lack of progress in this program, and says that the action plan for the peace, reconciliation and justice process for Afghanistan is 100% in accordance with the wishes of the Afghan people. goes forward The head of the Presidential Policy Office has called the 19th of Sagittarius the National Day of War Victims, and considers the creation of an advisory board to provide information to the president during the appointment of individuals to high government positions in this regard.

Sibghatullah Sanjar
"It is impossible to solve the issues of the 30th war in Afghanistan within a few years. The action plan of the transitional justice process did not make significant progress, the reason is clear, the deficiencies and inabilities that exist in our security, judicial, judicial and civil society institutions. People's lack of sufficient information about this program is one of the things that has slowed down the implementation of the transitional justice process. But things have also been done, one of which is that the president announced the 10th of December according to the 19th of Sagittarius as the National Day of Victims of Civil Wars. The second is to create an advisory board for the president, so that when appointing senior government officials such as governors, security commanders, public chiefs, etc., they will inform the president about the past of that person, whether he is accused of violating human rights or not. I agree that there are problems, and this does not mean condoning or not questioning war criminals. In addition, I can clearly say that the action plan of the transitional justice process will be increased 100% according to the wishes of the Afghan people. " In the part of his talk, the official of the Presidential Transitional Justice Office said about the collection of documents to fulfill the documentation process of this program. "With the help of national and international human rights institutions working in Afghanistan, documents have been obtained from all over the country and these documents are being studied by experts so that the documentation process can be started properly and it can be found out who in Where and what kind of crime did he commit? The government is trying to defend the rights of the people of Afghanistan and those whose human rights have been violated by using these documents. At the same time, the officials in the General Directorate of the country say that so far no file has been filed in this institution regarding the accused of human rights violations and war crimes whose names are included in the list of Human Rights Watch report. These officials said that those included in the list of the Human Rights Watch report were not exempted from prosecution according to the National Reconciliation Charter approved by the Afghan Parliament, and if our compatriots have any complaints or the country's security and intelligence agencies have any reports in the field, they can submit it to Levy. Provide the country's secretariat. We are ready to achieve it according to the commitments of the Afghan government to the international community and the accepted covenants of the world community. Following the various reactions to the action plan of the peace, reconciliation and justice process for Afghanistan, I tried to prepare an accurate collection of historical information, interviewing a large number of politicians and.... You studied the number of interviewees. Now you can pay attention to some other interviews for more information and a more accurate judgment of the functions of the government in this field.

Syed Ishaq Gilani
"Transitional justice is just talk." In the Ben conference, this issue was also discussed and they said that those whose hands are stained with the blood of the Afghan people should be tried. But we see that the same people whose hands are stained with the blood of the people are still in power and they live in the country with all their power. Without the United Nations or the Independent Human Rights Commission telling them that you are people's killers. "

Sheikh Mohammad Asif Mohseni
"Islam is very sensitive about social justice. Regarding people's rights, there is no difference between a prophet and an imam, a rich person and a stranger, between a president and a worker and a sweeper. Everyone is human. In my opinion, a board with strong independence should be appointed by the Supreme Court who has self-confidence and if there are oppressors and oppressors left from the era of Zahir Shah and Daud Khan, they should be caught. Then came the period of communists who committed the biggest crime in the history of mankind. After the delinquent Mujahideen, the delinquent Taliban, it is the turn of the Karzai government, when some elites emerged who embezzle from the treasury. All these must be caught. These are human rights violators who eat the nation's wealth. After this, the perpetrators of the murder of thousands of Afghans who killed people in the guise of Taliban and foreign forces should be tried. In Islam, there is no mujahid title, no communist title, no domestic title, no foreign title, whoever harms the rights of the people, the law should be applied to him. If a person has taken the independence of the whole country and in return has slapped a person, he should cover his face until that person comes and slaps him.

Vahidullah Sabawon
"The action plan of the transitional justice process and the Human Rights Watch report made Fahim, Kouni, Rabbani, Mostafa Zahir, Akbari, Dostum, Gulab Zovi, Ulomi and Ismail Khan organize the National Front. This same program caused them to gather a hundred thousand people in Ghazi Stadium and declare their opposition to the action plan of the transitional justice process. They sit until you reach your goals. If you catch a criminal, you can arrest and imprison a known criminal, this does not need to be said and announced to the world. "

Shahnavaz Tani
"In violation of human rights and war crimes in Afghanistan, not only Afghans are involved, but also foreign countries were involved. Therefore, if the process of transitional justice is a real plan to provide justice in the country, I consider it good, otherwise, it should not be the case that injustice happens again for the sake of providing justice. "

Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai
Q: What is your opinion about the Human Rights Watch report that accused a number of jihadi leaders of the country of violating human rights and war crimes? A: "They listed five people to come and take them, oh God, when you can't take this yard and this field, why are you bothering people, to arrest and punish these people, they should use force so that they don't use force, who would like Reza?" "

Are the politicians of the last three decades of Afghanistan accountable for their actions?

After the collapse of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda terrorist system by the coalition forces led by the United States of America and the liberation of the people of Afghanistan, a new system was established in this country with the help and cooperation of the international community. Afghans, especially the families of the martyrs, the disabled, the oppressed and the deprived, although they hated and worried about seeing the vampiric faces of the criminals of the past regimes inside and outside the new government, but they expected the government and the international community to deal with the crimes of the past years and deal with the perpetrators. , take a decisive approach and choose justice as the beacon of peace, prosperity and unity of the nation and the government.
The government, with beautiful slogans and deceptive promises, and by using the supporters of religion and democracy, without considering the past of these religion sellers, oppressors, corruptors and tyrants, has called them a good name and on the head of our oppressed people who are full of chests. Sitting silent in the corner of the community from pain, the governor, the minister and the lawyer decided. Our oppressed people, who once again considered themselves defeated and intimidated, watched how the rulers of this era of democracy sell our grieving society to the international mafia once again. While ethnocentrism, partisanship, administrative corruption, immorality, unbelief were taking root. There were many disrespects and discredits towards Islam and humanity in the country, and for most of the rulers of this period, the religion and national interests of the country were used as a means to steal public facilities and billions of aid from the international community. The leaders of this government, both the new politicians who came from abroad and the violators and criminals of the previous regimes, each of them, whether in the ministry or in the office, in the center or in the province, were responsible for promoting the culture of irreligion, insecurity, terrorism, injustice, law Violation, adultery, lack of culture, lying, hypocrisy, bribery, backbiting, burning pen, defamation, anti-secularism, ignorance, spreading superstitions, intimidation, fraud and discrimination in the country.
In this period of self-immolation and self-immolation, there was and is not fairness and justice in the judiciary, nor in the parliaments of planning and management, nor in the government, the power, honesty and merit, considering the qualities and knowledge that the government and judicial institutions and the law have. We have a country, are war criminals, human rights violators and politicians of the past three decades ready to answer for their crimes and illegal activities.
Although the work to provide justice and detect the crimes of politicians in the world is not far from life risks, but in war-torn countries like Afghanistan, where the absolute majority of its security, intelligence, judicial, judicial, development and social institutions have fallen into the hands of the mafia, and the mafia has become omnipotent. And he says the first and last words. Research and investigation in this case is a very difficult task for a freelance journalist and even equal to death. But since that day when the government sacrificed the blood of millions of our defenseless countrymen for its political games and demagogic dealings and considered the international vampire criminals as brothers, friends and respectable personalities of its country and read the eulogy of justice in the country and The wounds of our dear people were renewed once again. At this point in time and with this position of the government, I went to a number of jihadi and non-jihadi leaders whose names were on the international list of war criminals for committing war crimes and human rights violations in the past years, understanding and bearing the many problems and risks to life. Violators of human rights have been listed. In these views and opinions, the people whose opinions you will get to know below expressed different reactions and answers in response to the following two questions: 1- Documents show that war crimes and human rights violations have taken place in the areas under your control. What is your opinion on the matter? 2- If one day you are accused of crimes against humanity and violation of human rights by the judicial institutions of the country, you are ready to accept your negligence. ?
I spent a lot of effort to interview those accused of war crimes and human rights violations in Afghanistan. In the first attempt to complete this part of the book, I chose the first person. On one of the hot spring days of 2019, I called Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim on the phone.
Because Marshall, on the one hand, is the first vice president and, according to himself, the successor of Ahmed Shah Massoud, the late leader of the Nazar Council, and on the other hand, his name is clear and obvious in the list of war criminals in Afghanistan, and he is accused of committing crimes against humanity, genocide, human rights violations and The initiation of house-to-house wars in Kabul during the Mojahedin regime is included in the list of human rights violations of the United Nations High Commissioner and the list of war criminals of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization. I asked him to give me the opportunity of an exclusive interview. Marshall refused to be interviewed in the first, second and third calls, but in the later stages, he set the time for this interview on Wednesday of the next week, which coincided with the day of Arafa. Interviewing criminal people like Marshal Fahim, who spent their lives killing people, requires very serious preparation. On the day of the interview, first thing in the morning, I checked for the last time all my audio recording devices and cameras that were prepared in advance so that no problems would arise during the interview. The moments passed quickly and my anxiety increased every moment, because I knew that I was not dealing with an ordinary person, I was very worried about what I would do if the marshal sahib got angry with my questions, if he imprisoned me or if I was attacked in one of the parts of the city. What will be the future of my family? There was no hope of help, neither from the government nor from non-governmental organizations. Finally, trusting in God and kissing the Holy Quran, I left the house and after an hour I reached Karte Parwan, where Marshal and many of our Panjshiri compatriots live. In my first steps in the area where Marshall's political and residential base was located, I realized that at least three security belts equipped with armored cars of the National Army, in the alleys leading to the base, are responsible for providing security for Marshall and his family. Residents of this place, passers-by women, children, men, and even Marshall's own clients who have to pass through this route, must submit to physical interrogation and questions and answers from the guards, otherwise they do not have the right to pass the security chain. But my account was different from others. Upon reaching the first protective shell, I introduced myself to the security soldier and explained my work plan. The soldier had not yet answered when the high-ranking officer came out of the guards' room and with a little politeness and modesty guided me into his room to try and register. As if they knew before my arrival. The test room was equipped with the most advanced security devices.
The security guards of this room were not satisfied with my usual questioning and forced me to put my boots and vest inside the machine for checking... After trying the first section, I passed the second and third sections with such difficulty and I I brought him to the waiting room to meet with the marshal at the appointed time. The surrounding environment caught my attention for a moment, the tall luxury houses that were recently built but it is not known which public benefit project money was used for its construction, Lexus, Land Cruiser and Grozine cars with black bulletproof glass, the positioning of leopard-clad bodyguards. Armed to the teeth, the movement of personal bodyguards in concrete positions that aim at suspicious people at the end or the end of the alley have turned the entire area into a military fortress. The concentration of military personnel in the security belts and their warlike attitude, although reminiscent of the patriarchy and the legitimate ruling of the jihadi organizations, brings the time of the Mujahideen government to life. But other questions also come to one's mind that the first vice president, out of fear of whom or what, has built such a war fortress to save his life. Some residents of the area said that Marshal Fahim's personal prisons were in the same area and in the same houses during the Mojahedin regime and the beginning of the interim government. Honestly, more than 30 years of treason, racketeering, killing and bloodshed, rape, theft and looting, kidnapping, espionage, ethnocentrism, factionalism and, in short, war crimes and crimes against humanity, whether you like it or not, have given Marshal Sahib countless enemies. If he is not protected, maybe his next-door neighbor, or a shoemaker on the street, or an ordinary passer-by will kill Marshall by committing suicide, and millions of proud and pure citizens of Afghanistan will be freed from this plague of the century. get rid of it and pave the way for a government of the people.
Marshal's office was full and empty, clients came and went one after the other in groups or individually. Finally, after an hour of waiting, a person named Dr. Golbedin, who introduced himself as Marshall's secretary, asked questions like what is your name, where are you from, where do you live, what is your ethnicity and nationality, which media are you from, and what was the interview with Marshall about? and taking our identity cards, he ordered two of his colleagues to try us once more. These two people, who were apparently one of Marshal's trusted aides and also remembered the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud, by saying this sentence (don't you kill Marshal Sahib like Amer Sahib) took my belongings such as camera, mini desk, They took the mic, cassette, notebook and pen inside it and took me empty-handed to the room where Marshall was sitting with some of his friends. As soon as I opened the door and made eye contact with Marshall, I lost myself for a moment, it was hard for me to say hello.
His colleagues ordered to try us once more. These two people, who were apparently known as Marshal's trusted aides and also remembered the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud, by saying this sentence (don't let you kill Marshal Sahib like Amer Sahib) took my belongings, camera, mini Desk, mic, cassette, notebook and pen Because Marshall, on the one hand, is the first vice president and, according to himself, the successor of Ahmed Shah Massoud, the late leader of the Nazar Council, and on the other hand, his name is clear and obvious in the list of war criminals in Afghanistan, and he is accused of committing crimes against humanity, genocide, human rights violations and The initiation of house-to-house wars in Kabul during the Mojahedin regime is included in the list of human rights violations of the United Nations High Commissioner and the list of war criminals of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization. I asked him to give me the opportunity of an exclusive interview. Marshall refused to be interviewed in the first, second and third calls, but in the later stages, he set the time for this interview on Wednesday of the next week, which coincided with the day of Arafa. Interviewing criminal people like Marshal Fahim, who spent their lives killing people, requires very serious preparation. On the day of the interview, first thing in the morning, I checked for the last time all my audio recording devices and cameras that were prepared in advance so that no problems would arise during the interview. The moments passed quickly and my anxiety increased every moment, because I knew that I was not dealing with an ordinary person, I was very worried about what I would do if the marshal sahib got angry with my questions, if he imprisoned me or if I was attacked in one of the parts of the city. What will be the future of my family? There was no hope of help, neither from the government nor from non-governmental organizations. Finally, trusting in God and kissing the Holy Quran, I left the house and after an hour I reached Karte Parwan, where Marshal and many of our Panjshiri compatriots live. In my first steps in the area where Marshall's political and residential base was located, I realized that at least three security belts equipped with armored cars of the National Army, in the alleys leading to the base, are responsible for providing security for Marshall and his family. Residents of this place, passers-by women, children, men, and even Marshall's own clients who have to pass through this route, must submit to physical interrogation and questions and answers from the guards, otherwise they do not have the right to pass the security chain. But my account was different from others. Upon reaching the first protective shell, I introduced myself to the security soldier and explained my work plan. The soldier had not yet answered when the high-ranking officer came out of the guards' room and with a little politeness and modesty guided me into his room to try and register. As if they knew before my arrival. The test room was equipped with the most advanced security devices.
The security guards of this room were not satisfied with my usual questioning and forced me to put my boots and vest inside the machine for checking... After trying the first section, I passed the second and third sections with such difficulty and I I brought him to the waiting room to meet with the marshal at the appointed time. The surrounding environment caught my attention for a moment, the tall luxury houses that were recently built but it is not known which public benefit project money was used for its construction, Lexus, Land Cruiser and Grozine cars with black bulletproof glass, the positioning of leopard-clad bodyguards. Armed to the teeth, the movement of personal bodyguards in concrete positions that aim at suspicious people at the end or the end of the alley have turned the entire area into a military fortress. The concentration of military personnel in the security belts and their warlike attitude, although reminiscent of the patriarchy and the legitimate ruling of the jihadi organizations, brings the time of the Mujahideen government to life. But other questions also come to one's mind that the first vice president, out of fear of whom or what, has built such a war fortress to save his life. Some residents of the area said that Marshal Fahim's personal prisons were in the same area and in the same houses during the Mojahedin regime and the beginning of the interim government. Honestly, more than 30 years of treason, racketeering, killing and bloodshed, rape, theft and looting, kidnapping, espionage, ethnocentrism, factionalism and, in short, war crimes and crimes against humanity, whether you like it or not, have given Marshal Sahib countless enemies. If he is not protected, maybe his next-door neighbor, or a shoemaker on the street, or an ordinary passer-by will kill Marshall by committing suicide, and millions of proud and pure citizens of Afghanistan will be freed from this plague of the century. get rid of it and pave the way for a government of the people.
Marshal's office was full and empty, clients came and went one after the other in groups or individually. Finally, after an hour of waiting, a person named Dr. Golbedin, who introduced himself as Marshall's secretary, asked questions like what is your name, where are you from, where do you live, what is your ethnicity and nationality, which media are you from, and what was the interview with Marshall about? and taking our identity cards, he ordered two of his colleagues to try us once more. These two people, who were apparently one of Marshal's trusted aides and also remembered the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud, by saying this sentence (don't you kill Marshal Sahib like Amer Sahib) took my belongings such as camera, mini desk, They took the mic, cassette, notebook and pen inside it and took me empty-handed to the room where Marshall was sitting with some of his friends. As soon as I opened the door and made eye contact with Marshall, I lost myself for a moment, it was hard for me to say hello.
I said to myself, "God, with this vampire monster, most of the people of Afghanistan, especially the residents of Afsharsilo, Kote Sangi, Karte 3 and 4, Chelston, Dar al-Aman, Chahar Asiyab, Kemari, Karte Nu, and Pulcharkhi, because of the rocket attacks and bombings that were carried out on them. He has said that they are thirsty for his blood and hungry for his flesh, and so far no journalist has interviewed him about war crimes and human rights violations. How will I do this? But with God's hope and greetings, I entered the room. First, Marshal Sahib Mohammad Qasim Fahim, later I took the other attendees for company. It looked like a big room of about 150 square meters, but it was smaller than his office in the chancellery, where some nights the television shows the meetings and sightings of the Marshal, in a light jade color, decorated with court furniture and hand-woven carpets. The expensive pictures and paintings hanging on the walls, which a number of people had seen in the past in the museums and national archives of Kabul, convey to people that the distance between the rulers and the people is unimaginable and incomparable. Moments after the greeting, Marshal invited Banda and other members of the assembly to have a delicious meal.
The aristocratic life and the high position of marshal, which it is not known on the basis of which educational certificate was given to him, made him completely engrossed, and he did not think at all that the treasure would not be left to Qarun and the throne to Suleiman. Good and bad will pass away and there, while there is no foreign intelligence organization to send him a lifeline, he will have to see the punishment of making women widows, orphaning children, and making fathers and mothers miserable, and burn in the fire that has fuel in it. The world had gathered.
That day, we ate chasht bread with Marshall, various foods that one could get full from their delicious smell, let alone eat them. It was a food that might not be available anywhere else, apart from seven-star hotels. Handsome and well-built youths, who were apparently versatile hosts, stood above each of us and welcomed us every moment by offering various dishes and their special dishes.
Marshall, who was sitting at the head of the dining table on my left side, in addition to praising the dishes, also spoke about his favorite domestic and foreign dishes. After performing noon prayer and having tea, we went to the bigger room where the important meetings of Marshall are held. Marshall also joined us a few minutes late. This room, which was not less decorated than the rooms of the presidential palace, was suitable for Sean and Shawkat of a real marshal and first vice president, not Marshal Fahim, but the remarkable point was that instead of the holy flag of Afghanistan, the green flag of the people was used. Islamic, and instead of President Karzai's photo, an old and disturbing photo of Ahmad Shah Massoud was placed above the office of the first vice president. For a moment, it made one think that Marshal Sahib's denial is neither Afghan nor does he like to work under the flag of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
The marshal came and sat in his marshal chair, the interview began. After the questions about the current state of the country, the wars in Kabul, being accused of war crimes, etc., it seemed that it was very difficult for Marshal Sahib to provide answers. I asked my next questions like this.
Marshal Sahib Fahim: Documents and evidence show that crimes against humanity and violations of human rights were committed in the areas under your control during Jihad, Ustad Rabbani's rule, and during the resistance period. What is your opinion on the matter?

Marshall
"There is no doubt that human rights violations and war crimes have been committed in Afghanistan. I also wish that one day the issue of human rights violations will be accounted for because it is one of our obligations to the international community. However, it is the neutral body that without political tendencies to reach the violation of human rights. Those who want to ensure human rights, their origin and foundation is not known, it is not known where they came from and where they were."
Q: If one day you are accused of violating human rights and war crimes by the investigative and judicial institutions of the country, are you ready to admit your negligence?
A: What did that kid say, you are a voter, war crimes and bad human rights are just a piece of armor. A country marshal, you say so much about war crime, war crime, I wish I could have seen your questions in advance.
Q - Sorry, Marshall is not the owner of my questions, the people of Afghanistan want to hear the answers to such questions from you.
Marshall: No, it is bad to discuss these women's issues so much. It's a huge crowd of people (children), you ask me questions, but I'm suffocating in front of you. When I saw you, I asked you to ask me some simple questions. I wish I could have seen your questions in advance.
Q - I'm sorry, are you upset?
A - No, go well, S.
Q - Can I come to your service another time?
A- No, I won't give up on you, I have never been willing to talk to anyone about this...
A - I'm not giving you anything, I've never been willing to talk to anyone about this. What if anyone comes and asks that you are a criminal, aren't you in a good mood?
Marshall Sahib got very angry and left the interview. But since this opportunity had been waiting for me for a long time, I didn't want it to be lost so easily, so I followed him and apologized again and recorded the rest of his conversations on the way.

Marshall continued his speech and said
"There is a global anti-religious conspiracy led by Zionism and Jews in the world. Their main view is that they work on human rights institutions, but these people and institutions do not know that they have become the playthings of a Jewish authority, and their work is only to insult the fighters of Islam. For this reason, we have always suggested to Karzai that a national government should be formed so that the heroes and fighters of the country are safe from the sting of these conspiracies. But in their opinion, nationality is the sovereignty and mastery of the Pashtun people over other ethnic groups in Afghanistan, the same opinion that existed during the time of Nader Khan and Abdul Rahman Khan, according to Nader Khan and Abdul Rahman Khan, the non-Pashtun people should be servants, servants, sweepers, paupers and doormen in Afghanistan. to be "
Dear reader, you undoubtedly have many unanswered questions and issues that I should have asked Marshall and other jihadi and non-jihadi leaders. However, due to the government's lack of support for providing justice and the implementation of transitional justice in the country, the unfavorable security conditions, and Marshall's refusal to continue the interview, and knowing that you and I owe these criminals their jobs and lives, many questions have a chance to be asked. It didn't happen and I am confident that these questions will not receive any answers in the near future, except for the day when, by the grace of God, these criminals and murderers of the people of Afghanistan will be brought to the court and forced to confess.
The appeal of the rest of the interviews with people involved in the list of crimes and human rights violations in Afghanistan was not less than the interview with Marshall, but I refrain from explaining the details and invite you to read the questions and answers of several of them.

Ustad Sayyaf, leader of Islamic Dawat Party and representative of Kabul people in Wolesi Jirga
Q: The documents and evidence show that human rights violations and war crimes were committed in the areas under the control of your party before and after the Mojahedin rule.

Professor Sayaf
"Malek's situation is so thin that these issues make it more and more sour, the same circles that raise these issues at such an opportunity do not want Afghanistan to move towards peace and stability. If civil wars, war crimes and human rights violations are discussed, then more than anyone else, it is documentary chatter that if we let him down, no one will have the patience to see and hear it. They tried a lot to make us raise our voice on these issues and show everything we have, but dragging him is not in the interest of our country and people. Go and see behind the four armored forces, the plains are full of martyrs who were arrested day and night from their homes and workplaces by the communists and were buried alive until today, no one talks about it, and on the contrary, everything is galloping on a number It is limited to Mujahideen and the purpose of these words is clear. But we don't want any more sprawl in this property. "
Q: If one day you are accused of violating human rights and war crimes by the investigative and judicial institutions of the country. Are you ready to admit your fault? ?

Sayaf
"Well, yes, what will people complain about?" Torn Ismail Khan, Minister of Energy and Water, is one of the prominent commanders of Jamiat-e-Islami in the southwestern region of the country.
Q: Documents and evidence show that human rights violations and war crimes have been committed in the areas under your control in Herat, Badghis, Ghor and some parts of Farah and Nimroz provinces. What is your opinion on the matter?

Ismail Khan
"I did not have a war with anyone in Badghis and in the neighboring provinces of Herat. We have not carried out any bombings or campaigns. Because these provinces were one of our centers during the jihad, and when I appointed one of the jihadi commanders as the commander of the 17th sect of Herat, he made a mistake that led to the death of my son Shahid Mirwais, one of the ministers of the interim government. Naturally, we had to disarm him and arrest him, which was done inside Herat, and we did not go to Badghis or any other place. "
Q: If one day you are accused of violating human rights by the investigative and judicial institutions of the country based on people's complaints, are you ready to admit your negligence? A: As an Afghan, ask the people of Herat. When I was in Herat, people used to spend the night in amusement parks until midnight. They even spent the morning in the park. The number of factories reached 200, and the process of road construction is rapidly progressing. It was a development that people from other neighboring provinces came to Herat to work and the people were extremely satisfied. But now you can see that people come and go to the districts after 4 o'clock in the evening and cannot take their patients to the hospital after 4 o'clock in the evening. I wish they wanted to apply real justice. You, as a journalist, should ask all trade unions in Herat if 90% of the people were satisfied with my work, I am not a human rights violator, if 20% were dissatisfied with my work, I am a human rights violator. I am sure that the law-abiding people of Afghanistan will never call their officials criminals. Anyway, if someone has a claim, I can speak against their claim, I don't know what people claim.

Sheikh Mohammad Asif Mohseni, the leader of Harak Islami Party
Q: The documents show that war crimes and human rights violations took place in the areas under the control of the north during the Jihad and after that. What is your opinion on the matter?

Mohseni
"In our regions, countless people were killed during the 14-year war between the Mujahideen and the communists. 23 MiGs came and bombed people's houses. In the small villages that the communists did not dare to enter, first they would surround the village, then the planes would bombard them from above, then the tanks would come and shoot them, after the houses of the people were destroyed, the government soldiers would enter the village. They destroyed the economic infrastructure of the country, the biggest crime is the communists, which unfortunately international organizations ignore him very generously for their political and ideological goals. Human rights are not in question. Or today, did you see someone who said, let's judge the foreigners who kill people in the name of Talib.
Q: If you are accused of violating human rights and war crimes in the investigations of the intelligence and judicial institutions of the country, are you ready to admit your negligence?

Mohseni
"I once announced that everyone should be tried. We also had a party at one time. We did jihad for 14-15 years. We participated in 19 provinces. If this happens, I will be the first among the jihadi leaders. This is related to social justice. We should go to trial, it should be revealed and we should be asked what we did. First, I will go to be asked, then the rest of the party officials should leave. If we win, we will not be proud of the people. We did our duty in front of our jihad and our religion. In the second step, we did our duty in front of our people. If we are condemned, we wholeheartedly accept that the truth is above everything else. "
Seyyed Mohammad Gulab Zvi, Minister of Internal Affairs of Dr. Najibullah's government:
Q: The documents show that human rights violations and war crimes were committed during the rule of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. What is your opinion on the matter?

Gulab Zoi
"I agree that there were people among us who unjustly harassed mullahs, scholars, rich and influential people, insulted some elders of the nation and killed some, for example, Mansour Hashemi was first a professor at Kabul University and later a minister. He was a good person at first, he became an executioner and committed many crimes in Badakhshan. Abdullah Amin, the brother of Hafizullah Amin, was not a party member, but he was as competent as the president, he killed many civilians in Takhar, Kunduz, and Badakhshan provinces. Zalami Mujadadi, a member of Jamiat-e-Islami, is responsible for the murder of 150 people from different districts, especially Jarem district of Badakhshan. In the mass grave that was discovered some time ago in Badakhshan, we were informed that there were 13 people there, but Mr. Mujadadi spent 55 thousand dollars and brought the bones of 400 other bodies from different parts of Badakhshan to Jarem district in order to give a bad name to the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Similarly, in most parts of the country, there are those who want to blame the crimes of others on the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, the truth will be found after the investigation. Another factor that caused the violation of human rights by the government of Afghanistan at the time was, for example, intelligence agencies used to inform the commander-in-chief and the commander-in-chief of the Ministry of Defense that the opposition had gathered in a certain area. The Ministry of Defense was preparing for operations in the region. The opponents would leave the area 15 or 10 hours before the bombardment, as a result of the type of mistakes, ordinary people would be killed. Common people without documents were arrested and killed, in many cases human rights were really violated.
Q: In your opinion, the mass graves discovered in Polcharkhi and other parts of the country are rumors that have been around since the ruling of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. What is your opinion on the matter ?

Gulab Zoi
"If these mass graves are from the leadership of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, it is really a crime. I will tell you. When the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan took over the political power, the laws were in place, the prosecutor's office and the court were in place. Anyone who has been executed without a trial, without a prosecutor, is really a crime. Well, the issue of mass graves, for example, the mass grave that was discovered in Badakhshan, there are 13 people there. But they say 400 people. I say a crime is a crime, a crime is a crime. Whether it is one person or 10 people, they should be prosecuted. Look, today science has improved a lot and it is easy to prove in which year, in which month and on which day these people were martyred. It is even possible to find out who he is and how he was killed. I say that if our current government has these facilities, it is good, and if it does not, it should ask for help from the international community. We had the same facilities in the Ministry of Interior 15 years ago and we could establish the crime, today the government is responsible and can determine the year, month, week and day of the crime by using technical criminal science. In the end, anyone who has committed a crime must be held accountable for his actions and must be investigated according to the constitution, applicable laws of the country, and according to international laws.
Q: Considering your confessions of committing crimes against humanity and violation of human rights by the government of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, if one day you are accused of violating human rights and crimes against humanity by the judicial institutions of the country, are you ready to accept your guilt ?

GuLab Zoi
"The question is very relevant. Actually, I was the Minister of Interior for a while and the Minister of Communications of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan for a while. Now I say frankly that the duties of the Ministry of Interior Affairs are not for political purposes, but only to fight against criminals and to deal with those who take bribes and embezzle. Again, if someone is found in Afghanistan and tells me that you have done something against the law and regulations, I am ready to defend myself and give an answer. On the day when I was protecting the Ministry of Interior, I called about 2500 employees there. And I told them emphatically that if something illegal has been done by me, I will answer for it. I hope that nothing illegal has been done. Not embezzlement. Neither bribery nor anything against human rights. "
Shahnavaz Tani, the Minister of Defense of Dr. Najibullah's government and the leader of the failed coup d'etat on 16 Hoot 1368:
Q: If one day you are found guilty by the judicial institutions of the country for committing human rights violations and war crimes in the coup d'état of 16 August 1368, would you be willing to accept your guilt?

Shahnavaz Tani
"I am ready to answer before God, my conscience and my actions. But may God find the real device that is needed to provide justice and provide justice. " Akbari, one of the leaders of Vahdat party:
Q: There are documents and documents with the organizations defending human rights and the people, which show that human rights violations and war crimes have been committed in the areas under the control of Hizb Vahdat during the jihad and after that, especially in the Kabul regulatory wars. what is your opinion. ?

Akbari
"Well, if it is claimed that war crimes were committed at this point in time, which are attributed to the Unity Party. Any authority that investigates this issue will definitely be able to prove who was responsible for these incidents.
Q: What people have seen is this, when the areas of the third, fifth and sixth districts of Kabul city were taken out of the hands of the forces of the Unity Party of Abdul Ali Mazari branch and fell into the hands of Ahmad Shah Massoud and your forces, the mass graves in the Institute of Medicine. Kabul, Kabul University, the houses of the liberated areas and the premises of other government institutions were discovered, which shows the crimes committed by the members of the Unity Party. Do you ignore these documents and people's eyes?

Akbari
"We accepted that after the victory of the Mujahideen, crimes were committed in the west of Kabul, we do not deny this. After the results of his investigation, it should be proven that this was done by Hizb Vahdat. Which soldier, which commander did this on the order of whom? These need to be checked. "
Q: If you are found guilty of human rights violations and war crimes based on the documents and evidence of the country's judicial institutions. Are you ready to admit your fault?
We do not deny. After the investigation, it should be proven that this was done by Hizb Vahdat, which soldier, which commander did this on the order of whom. These need to be checked. "
Q: If you are found guilty of human rights violations and war crimes based on the documents and evidence of the country's judicial institutions. Are you ready to admit your fault?

Akbari
"I was in jihad from the beginning of 1358 until the last time, and after the victory of the Mujahideen, I did not agree with the wars that took place at the head of power, and I had many reasons, and I want to state clearly that I answer every claim of my compatriots. "
Engineer Ahmadshah Ahmadzai acting as chancellor during the rule of Ustad Rabbani.
Q: If you are accused of violating human rights based on the investigation of investigative and judicial institutions of the country. Are you ready to accept your fault?

Ahmed Zai
"We don't need a trial and we won't go to court, we have forgiven each other and we don't take revenge on each other, and their files have been collected. "
Taj Mohammad Mujahid, one of the jihadist commanders of the Ittihad Party (Islamic Call):
Q: Mr. Mujahid, if you are accused of violating human rights and war crimes based on the investigation and investigation of the investigative and judicial institutions of the country, are you ready to accept your crime?
A: I have to surrender without any worries and I am ready for any Afghan who has a right over me or who has lost his right to take me to the legal authorities and I am ready to answer and finally if a crime is proven against me, I am ready to be imprisoned. ominous "
The Taliban terrorist group is the only group that committed human rights violations and war crimes in all dimensions. Violation of all humanitarian laws, human rights, systematic and chain massacres in the central and northern provinces of the country, torture of women and men on a wide, extensive and all-round scale in all areas under the rule of this group, destroying the livelihood resources of the villagers and Residents of cities, especially in the northern, central and Kabul provinces.
. Forced displacement, captivity, hostage-taking, and torture are among the clear cases of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and gross violations of human rights committed by the Taliban, and all Afghans, the United Nations, and other human rights organizations are aware of it.
Abdul Salam Zaeef, the former ambassador of the Taliban in Pakistan, rejecting these facts, considering it as the propaganda of foreigners, says that such things did not happen during the Tehreek-e-Taliban period and there is no document to prove those events.

Abdul Salam Zaeef
"During the wars between the Taliban and the Northern Front between 1373 and 1381, the casualties of the conflicting parties may have been more than ten thousand people. But the civilian population was not killed to such an extent, of course, whether you like it or not, the civilian population suffers in the war. There is no evidence to say that civilians called Tajik, Shayya and Hazara were taken and imprisoned and later massacred. Along with the Taliban, there were a number of Shiites and Tajiks in Herat and Kabul. How is it possible that they are with us and we kill Tajiks and Shiites in the city of Mazar-e-Sharif? It is impossible if we did this. And Shaya did not stay with us. But those who were killed based on the verdict of the Taliban courts, I think that every government has the right to punish the criminals according to their crimes. In the meantime, whatever they did, they must answer, and if others or the opposing front have shed someone's blood unjustly, they must answer."
Zaef continued his speech and said:
"In front of anyone, whether it is Talib or anyone else who has been accused of massacring civilians or has violated someone's rights. Afghan courts should prepare a case for him and prosecute that person. "
Q: If one day you are accused of violating human rights and war crimes by the judicial institutions of the country, are you ready to admit your negligence?

Weak
"If someone is against me, I am ready to go to trial, whether it is domestic or foreign courts. I am sitting here for now, but I believe in myself that we did not steal anyone's property, nor did we oppress anyone, nor did we imprison anyone, but for now, Afghanistan In the course of a political game, it is very difficult to provide justice in such a situation. Are human rights violators and war criminals exempted from prosecution?
That we are on the verge of preparing the spring attacks of the Taliban on the positions of the Afghan government and the international forces helping to provide security in the country. Cross-border terrorism and the role of Iran and Pakistan in providing safe havens for Taliban and Al-Qaeda rebels to destabilize Afghanistan is a clear, obvious and needless issue. However, no factor has been more destructive than the internal corruption of Afghanistan's ruling forces, which is mainly made up of influential warlords and drug kingpins, in neutralizing any positive action and destroying the forces that are necessary for building a favorable state in Afghanistan.
In the past nine years, the power-hungry rulers did not attach importance to any high national, human, and Islamic values, except that they obeyed the orders and strategic security, political, and economic needs of their Jihad era masters and used the blessing of democracy imported by these traitors of the nation. Most of them are the warlords and criminals of the Mujahideen government. And by using the presidential and parliamentary elections, they have found themselves in high positions in the government and now they consider themselves the men of the field and have removed the grip of power, tyranny and tyranny from the strong judiciary, executive and legislature of the country. And the victims and the oppressed are witnesses of this period of tyranny in history. In this period, in addition to continuing the crimes committed by changing the shape, we are witnessing the embezzlement of international aid, the usurpation of government and private facilities and properties, the promotion and spread of various types of religious and social corruption....
Following the treacherous decisions and against the national interests of the nation, the Afghan Parliament approved the plan to exempt these criminals on the 11th of the month of Aquarius 2015. This resolution exempts all groups, political and military parties that have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes in Afghanistan over the past two and a half decades from judicial and judicial inquiry.
Following the treacherous decisions and against the national interests of the people, the Parliament of Afghanistan approved the plan of legal exemption and justice for these criminals on the 11th of the month of Aquarius, 2005. This resolution exempts all groups, political and military parties that have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes in Afghanistan over the past two and a half decades from judicial and judicial inquiry.

The full text of the National Reconciliation Charter

Since Jihad, resistance and struggle for the rights of the people, in the way of defending the religion and homeland, are the glorious parts of the country's history and are considered one of our national prides, and on the other hand, the realization of the policy of national reconciliation, the cessation of war and bloodshed, the consolidation of national unity and the creation of The grounds of trust between all sections of the society are considered essential at this point in time, therefore, in order to achieve that, the following steps are approved.

First article

This resolution has been enacted in order to consolidate reconciliation and national stability, provide for the supreme interests of the country, end hostilities, and create confidence for all involved parties, regarding their immunity, in case of adherence to the constitution and applicable laws of the country.

The second article

In order to strengthen peace and stability and end the war, the Afghan National Council invites all armed groups opposing the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to join the process of consolidating Afghanistan's stability and national reconciliation and participate in strengthening the system and rebuilding the country.

The third article

1- All political factions and conflicting parties that were involved in some way before the establishment of the interim administration, in order to reconcile the different sections of the society, consolidate peace and stability and start a new life in the contemporary political history of Afghanistan, are included in the National Reconciliation Program. And there is a general amnesty, they have benefited from all their legal rights, they are not prosecuted.
2- Those individuals and groups who are still in armed opposition to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and after the implementation of this resolution, stop opposing and join the process of national reconciliation and respect the constitution and other laws of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and observe it. They benefit from the benefits of this resolution.
3- The rulings contained in paragraphs (1-2) of this article do not affect the civil and penal rights of individuals against individuals in the case of individual crimes.

The fourth article

Persons who have been prosecuted for committing crimes against the internal and external security of the country cannot benefit from the benefits of this resolution. [ Persons who have been ordered by the courts to commit crimes against the internal and external security of the country, based on the proposal of the Peace Consolidation Commission, in the event of the commitment of the mentioned persons, that they will not renew the activities against the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the guarantee of that commission, in Depending on the circumstances, they are given amnesty or reduced punishment during separate orders.

The fifth article

To help end the violence and mistrust between the government and the armed opposition factions and consolidate stability and national reconciliation, an extraordinary commission is appointed by the National Council, in cooperation with the Peace Consolidation Commission, to determine the basis for their joining the process of stability consolidation and National reconciliation is favorable.

The sixth article

This resolution will be effective from the date of ratification and will be published in the official gazette of the country.
The researcher of one of the most heinous human rights violators and war criminals presented by the spokesperson of the commission was responsible for the exemption plan, says that this resolution was submitted for approval by the country's parliament in order to ensure peace and stability in Afghanistan.
But it is said that the publication of the report of the Human Rights Monitoring Organization and the action plan of the process of peace, reconciliation and justice (transitional justice) for Afghanistan, which emphasized the judicial prosecution of human rights violators and war criminals in Afghanistan, caused the Jihadi leaders who accused They commit a crime against humanity in order to save themselves from judicial review and their future immunity. These leaders, some of whom are present in the country's parliament, passed the National Reconciliation Charter, according to which all political and military organizations, parties and groups, including the Taliban and Hizb-e-Islami, which have been engaged in war and conflict for many years, are grouped together. They were exempted from prosecution. The approval of this resolution was met with unprecedented condemnation from domestic and foreign human rights defenders.
In response to the immunity of the groups involved in the Afghan wars from legal prosecution, the United Nations Mission in Afghanistan has pointed out that, except for the victims of the Afghan wars, no other person is allowed to grant amnesty to these groups.
In the announcement published by the representative of this organization in Kabul, it is emphasized that the effort to obtain the facts and secure the rights of the victims of the wars in Afghanistan is one of the important elements in the agreements of the international summits held in Germany, England, France and Japan. In the case of Afghanistan, it was established that this should be realized by the Afghan government and with the cooperation of the international community.
Sima Samar, head of the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan, while condemning the approval of the National Reconciliation Charter by the Parliament and considering it to be against the Constitution of Afghanistan, international covenants and commitments of Afghanistan, says that the criminal cannot forgive himself, the victim of the crime must, he Forgive the criminal, otherwise no one has the right to forgive war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Sima Samar
"The National Reconciliation Charter is completely condemned by us. This charter is in complete contradiction with the Afghan Constitution, Afghanistan's responsibilities to the international community and international covenants. Moreover, the criminal cannot forgive himself, the victim of his crime must forgive the criminal." Otherwise, no one can forgive war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the criminal. Otherwise, no one can forgive war crimes and crimes against humanity."
Continuing his speech, Simasmer said: "I believe that the war crimes and crimes against humanity that have occurred in Afghanistan over the past years require a very extensive and multi-dimensional work. Until these issues are clarified and resolved, there will be lasting and permanent national reconciliation. It is not provided in the country. For example, the mass graves that were discovered in Badakhshan and these were probably martyred in 1357 or 1358. Who can heal the pain and suffering of these families and who can forgive those responsible for this act, except the victims? Apart from this, the people's demand is not included in the National Reconciliation Charter. The members of the parliament may want anything today, but it is not considered as the people's demand. I am sure that if the same members of the parliament had said during their election campaign that we are in the parliament instead of you, it is your right. We are sorry, the people were not willing to vote for them, and you can see that the general public is very upset about this matter, anyway, if the parliament of Afghanistan pardons the groups and people accused of violating human rights, the future parliaments of Afghanistan can amend this charter. that someone should be responsible for all these crimes that took place in the country. "
Most of the people's representatives in the country's parliament also approved the National Reconciliation Charter have condemned and demand accountability for the crime committed in the country. These representatives have called the enforcement of the law on the immunity of criminals and human rights violators as a disgrace to Afghanistan's imported democracy. Kabir Ranjbar, the representative of the people of Kabul in the Wolesi Jirga, who was speaking to the representatives of the representatives against this plan, says that the members of the Afghan parliament do not have the authority to grant the people's rights.

Kabir Ranjbar
"We condemn the plan of not prosecuting the groups and parties that have fought each other in the past years. We do not have the right to grant the rights of the Afghan people. We do not have the right to pardon war criminals and human rights violators. The killings around And all over Afghanistan, the killing of 65,000 citizens of Kabul, along with widespread dishonor, which did not take place in different areas of Kabul during the years 1371 to 1365, by any miracle, someone must answer for these disgraceful spots.
Many of our compatriots are of the opinion that the approval of the National Reconciliation Charter has exempted the human rights violators and war criminals of Afghanistan, i.e. the people who are accused of violating human rights and crimes against humanity, from legal prosecution, but Attorney General Abdul Jabbar Thabit The time of the country says that in the third article of the National Reconciliation Charter, the groups that were involved in the civil wars were exempted from prosecution as a group, not as individuals.

Abdul Jabbar Thabit Attorney General
"There is a misunderstanding in this part. Those whose names are on the human rights watch list are exempted from legal prosecution with the approval of the National Reconciliation Charter. This is not the case. In the second article of the National Reconciliation Charter, the groups that were included in the civil wars as The group was exempted from prosecution. But the individuals! Each of these are individuals. If claims are made against individuals whose names are on the Human Rights Watch list, they will be prosecuted and they must be held accountable. It is stated in the Conciliation Charter that the provision of Article One And secondly, it does not mean that no one can file criminal and legal lawsuits against individuals in the court.
Some jihadi leaders and commanders are also of the opinion that the National Reconciliation Charter has not exempted Afghan war criminals, especially those whose names have been announced by international human rights organizations, from legal prosecution. Sheikh Mohammad Asif Mohseni, the leader of the Islamic Movement Party, is one of them, who says that war criminals and human rights violators were not exempted from legal prosecution based on the third article of the National Reconciliation Charter.

Mohseni
"No, the National Reconciliation Charter did not exempt war criminals from prosecution. It was announced that they were exempted in the rights of God, but no one was exempted in the rights of the people, and this issue was also announced through the mass media. The issue of the National Reconciliation Charter is completely clear. People can go to the Supreme Court and the Attorney General's Office to file lawsuits against people.
Taj Mohammad Mujahid, one of the jihadi commanders and one of the drafters of the National Reconciliation Charter, is of the opinion that the said charter is a factor for the reconciliation of political parties, especially the jihadist organizations that had fought each other in the past, but this charter does not in any way protect war criminals and violators. It does not exempt human rights from prosecution.

Taj Mohammad Mujahid
"The approval of the Charter of National Reconciliation was a necessity for the reconciliation of Jihadi groups and organizations that had fought each other in the past. The Charter of National Reconciliation has not exempted war criminals from prosecution in any way. Any person who has lost his right can sue and demand his right. The victim can go to the attorney's office and the courts and demand his right."

Syed Ishaq Gilani
"There was a lot of haste in the approval of this charter. Pursuing the law does not mean that if someone has killed, he is exempt and no one can make a claim against him, no, it is not like that. If anyone has a claim on these prominent figures of Afghanistan, who were at the head of jihad and Afghan politics, the gates of the Afghan courts are open to them, and the Afghan constitution allows them to do so. "
Considering the lack of judicial immunity of war criminals and human rights violators, freedom, show power combined with their crooked behavior and the indifference of the corrupt and mercantile government of Afghanistan, which itself is the cause of injustice in the country, justice, equality and the culture of the answer The ball will be supplied in the country. Will justice, which has not been seen in the past nine years, be revealed with the completion of the conflict documentation process of the peace, reconciliation and justice process action plan for Afghanistan (transitional justice). Will there come a day when the oppressed and poor people of Afghanistan will reach their long-standing wish, which is to achieve their right, trial and punishment of war criminals and violators of human rights, and will the country's judicial and judicial institutions, whose illness and slavery cause injustice And there has been cruelty in the country and they have been eating and sleeping for years, in the future they will be able to regain their lost dignity and provide justice in the country. These are questions that the past will answer.